Salt Marsh Research

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Saltmarshes consist of two main geomorphological elements. First, a convex upward, planar or concave upward vegetated platform high in the tidal frame that is flooded by the tide and, second, generally unconnected networks of tidal creeks that branch and diminish landward towards the interior of the saltmarsh from its seaward edge. Additionally, some saltmarshes have pronounced areas of higher ground (levees) along the banks of the creeks, varying densities of water-filled depressions (salt pans) or bare areas of mud (mud basins) which are connected to the creek system and which drain at low tide. Seven main types of saltmarsh are recognised (Figure 2.1): • Open-coast marshes - typically sandy systems with relatively exposed sandflats to seaward; • Open-coast back-barrier marshes - sandy-muddy systems found on the sheltered, landward side of coastal barriers; • Open-embayment marshes - marshes which fringe the edges of large tidal embayments with unobstructed entrances and tend to be sandy; • Restricted-entrance embayment marshes - typically mixed sandy-muddy systems, with the embayment partially closed off at the mouth by one or more spits or promontories; • Estuary-fringing marshes - most commonly muddy and found in estuaries with little obstruction at the mouth; • Estuary back-barrier marshes - found in estuaries behind barriers or spits at the mouth, often composed of mud overlying sand; and 10 • Ria/Loch head marshes - marshes restricted to the drowned river valleys of the south west, where pioneer to upper marsh occurs with transitions to woodland Saltmarshes are, in effect, vegetated mudflats; although the morphology and the processes which act upon them are distinct in several respects. Saltmarsh surfaces are higher than Science Report - R&D Technical Report (PFA-076/TR) 13mudflat surfaces and so they are flooded less

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