Outline and evaluate research into the effects of age and anxiety on E.W.T Eye witness testimony (E.W.T) is one type of memory that has particular relevance to real life. Juries and British police officers rely on eye witness testimony on a daily basis. E.W.T is criticised enough due to the effects of misleading questions (Loftus 1992.) However also there is a lot of research to suggest that E.W.T isn’t as reliable as previously thought, especially when other factors such as anxiety and age are applied. There’s evidence to prove that anxiety and stress has a conflicting effect on a witnesses recall.
Freud believed that the mind was like an iceberg with the majority of it being hidden away, he called this the unconscious part of the mind. He believed that people repressed feelings, thoughts and memories that were painful and usually from childhood into the unconscious part of the mind to forget about them, but they would be unaware that those feelings were there. Freud’s psychodynamic theory believed that our behaviour and psychological problems as an adult stemmed from something that happened to us in childhood and that all behaviour had a cause or a reason, he called this psychic determinism. In contrast to the psychodynamic approach behaviourists believe that we are all born a blank slate they use the term ‘Tabula rasa’ to describe this. Behaviourists such as Watson believe that people do not have free will and that our environment determines the way in which we behave, either by reinforcement or a stimulus response.
Psychological therapies were first brought about for patients who were having trouble adhering to medication due to the intolerable side effects that the biological therapies bring with them. They therefore needed a therapy that would have been more effective and appropriate for them to sustain their improvement. Two of the most common psychological therapies are Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Behaviorist psychologists see schizophrenia as a maladaptive behavior gained through learning experiences, which behavioral therapies can ‘correct’ and change into adaptive behaviors. The most successful form of behavioral therapy is the use of token economies.
The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the unconscious mind and how it interacts and affects behaviour whereas the behavioural perspective looks at how the environment as observable stimuli affects behaviour. This essay will look at both perspectives, focusing on the assumptions they make and how they contrast. The psychodynamic perspective was developed by Sigmund Freud in the nineteenth century whilst he was working with patients who showed observable symptoms but lacked any corporal origins. Freud’s treatment of his patients through hypnosis and free association led him to believe that behaviour can be largely influenced by the unconscious mentality. Passer et al.
Running Head: FLUOXETINE AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Treatment of Depression in Adolescents: Effectiveness of Combing Fluoxetine and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Elizabeth Bledsoe Truman State University Abstract Adolescents face depression due to many stressors they experience. Symptoms of depression can range from irregular sleep patterns to suicide. Antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression. The most noted antidepressant is fluoxetine, also known as Prozac. Studies have shown that fluoxetine use alone is somewhat effective in treating depression; however, newer treatments need to be found.
The allusions he made with Oedipus Rex and Hamlet introduced variety into an otherwise limited discussion. For instance, Freud stated, “Like Oedipus, we live in ignorance of these wishes, repugnant to morality…all of us seek to close our eye to the scenes of our childhood” (Freud 480). This allusion to Oedipus Rex allowed readers to pause and reflect on their own lives. According to Martin Bergmann, author of The Oedipus Complex and Psychoanalytic Technique, wrote, Had he not read Oedipus Rex, the Oedipus Complex would not have been formulated, and psychoanalyses as we know it would not have been created. The achievement was the connection Freud made between personal
(1996), it was found that there had been a reduction in positive symptoms, as well as a 20-25% reduction in recovery time, whose CBT treatment had been combined with antipsychotics. Lower drop-out rates were also recorded which could also be behind the more successful treatment. Studies generally support the CBT treatment, as evidenced by Gould et al., whose meta-analysis showed that CBT generally tends to work, but unfortunately, most CBT is done in combination with
Psychoanalytical Explanations. Sigmund Freud, perhaps more than anyone else, popularized psychological causes of mental illnesses and developed the idea of a mind-body split. Though many of his methods are no longer followed, his affect on psychological studies was profound. Psychoanalysis is the study of previous experiences, typically childhood traumas, that affect a person’s present psychology. Major losses, whether perceived or actual, such as the loss of a parent through death, separation, or rejection are thought to make one more likely to develop depression later in life.
Probably one of the most interesting factors contributing to the biological aspect of depression is heredity. Depressive disorders have been found to have a genetic component, especially for bipolar disorder, meaning that a biological vulnerability for depression can be present from birth. Having depression in one’s immediate family does not guarantee diagnosis of depression and people with no family history can become depressed. There is also a biochemical factor caused by abnormalities in the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain (Bernstein et al., 2007). In particular, neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine are found to be at lower levels in people with MDD.
Phobias and Addictions Kamron Hymon University of Phoenix June 30, 2013 People may not know this, but each and every person is conditioned in one way or another, whether it be classically or operant without even being aware of it. These two conditioning's can affect us and also acquire an addiction or a phobia based on something we may have experienced. Addictions and phobias are known to be simple emotional matters of the mind. Phobias are most likely to be developed through classical conditioning: as for addictions are developed through the operant conditioning. These are bot types of behavioral modification, they are really different from