Severity of motor (involuntary movement) and phonic (involulntary noise) abnormalities usually peak early with a reduction of symptoms noticed around age 20 for most people, but severe cases may start in adulthood (Leckman, 2002). Tourette's syndrome is associated with a variety of other mental health disorders including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety disorders. TS are more common in males than females at a ratio of 4 to 1 and more common in Caucasian than African American or Hispanics (Enwefa, 2006). Currently there is no official number of people with TS, but it is estimated that about 100,000 Americans have it (Crews, 2000). There is no known cause of TS, but researcher's have focused on the possibility of chemical imbalance causing abnormal neurotransmission of brain signals (Kozarek, 1992).
Rutter investigated the effects of privation in Romanian orphans who had been brought to the UK after being raised in very poor institutions, having suffered extreme privation. Rutter found that from the children adopted from 6-12 months of age, 40% showed continuing mental deficits and impaired brain development. Deficits included autistic-like symptoms including a lack of guilt and inability to develop relationships. A follow up study showed at the age of 11 that while the orphan’s physical development had caught up quickly compared to the control group of UK adopted children, brain size caught up more slowly and while continuing improvement was still being shown, marked adverse cognitive effects were still present, suggesting that the consequences of privation aren’t completely irreversible. Interestingly in the Rutter study those who were adopted before the age of 6 months tended to show a more marked improvement compared to their older counterparts.
Type 1 is the most severe form. Children with type 1 Usher syndrome are born deaf at birth and have major balance problems. Children with type 1 Usher syndrome usually lose their vision by age 10. Type 2 Usher syndrome characteristics include moderate to severe hearing loss at birth but normal balance. Depending on the severity of hearing loss most children with type 2 can benefit from hearing aids and communicate verbally.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was born in Hungary in 1818, when it was part of the Austrian Empire. He received a doctor’s degree in 1844 and began work in a maternity clinic. Semmelweis soon noticed that of all the mothers who delivered their babies in the hospital, about 20-30 percent died of something called puerperal fever. Nobody knew exactly why this was, although some people thought it was due to things such as not enough air or over crowding. Semmelweis didn’t believe those reasons, and tried to find the real cause, despite opposition from his boss.
This is called choridal neovascularization. These blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the retina, causing distortion of vision. The dry form of macular can also lead to the wet form. Only about 10% of patients with macular degeneration develop the wet form, they make up the majority who experience serious vision loss from the disease. Macular degeneration can be passed from parent to child, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and being light skinned, female and having light eye color are also risks for macular degeneration (webmd copy write 2005-2014, LLC) Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by dysfunction of the ocular drainage system.
Vulnerable Population Teen pregnancy general refers to a pregnant female under the age of twenty. Teen pregnancy is associated with poor prenatal care and pre-term delivery (Brown, 2010). Pregnant teens are more likely to receive late or no prenatal care, have gestational hypertension and anemia, and achieve poor maternal weight gain (Webster, 2004). Teenage mothers are also more likely to have a pre-term delivery increasing the risk of child developmental delay, illness, and mortality. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of school, remain unmarried, and live in poverty, their children are more likely to be born at low birth weight, grow up poor, live in single-parent households, experience abuse and neglect, and enter the child welfare system.
Perspectives of ADHD: Causes and Effects Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was once referred to as “mental restlessness” by Sir Alexander Crichton in 1798 (Wikipedia, 2012). ADHD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders diagnosed in children today. It affects almost five percent of children across the world (Foley, 2011). ADHD is defined as a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development” (Foley, 2011). The diagnosis is made based on behaviors and not seen as a neurological disease.
The United States spends six to 10 percent of healthcare on costs caused by obesity compared to 2 to 3.5 percent in other western countries (Schwarz & Peterson, 2010). Schwarz and Peterson (2010) also explained that adolescent obesity affects the nation’s ability to serve and protect. This is because more than a quarter of 17 to 24 years olds are not fit enough to enroll in the armed services due to being overweight. Adolescence is a crucial stage for implementing and influencing health behaviors. Many of the habits formed during this timeframe will last well into adulthood (Schwarz & Peterson, 2010).
Newborns develop many diseases in their early life because of their low weight. A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life but it was also shown that this relationship is fully explained by maternal weight. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_mass some diseases in the early life include Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This is a breathing problem in babies born before 34 weeks. This protein that newborns do not have is small air sacs in the lungs that keep them from collapsing.
Relatively little study has been done regarding the risks of bipolar disorder in the period during pregnancy. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish bipolar symptoms from regular pregnancy symptoms. Pregnant women often do suffer from depression, depending on their environment and stresses. Nonetheless, it is unclear as to whether or not pregnancy increases or decreases bipolar symptoms. Some studies suggest that pregnancy may lessen symptoms: “In one study, 800f patients with affective illness (predominantly bipolar) experienced an improvement or a diminution of symptoms of their mood disorder during pregnancy” (Altshuler et al.