PROTEINS 6: A difference in the concentration of a chemical on both sides of a membrane leads to which of the following phenomena? DIFFUSION 7: Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is responsible for the production of ATP? MITOCHONDRION 8: Glucose is A MONOSACCHARIDE Glucose is a monosaccharide; it is both an important energy molecule by itself and a building block of more complex carbohydrate 9: Which of the following is considered a neutral pH? 7.2 10: Due to the semipermeable nature of a phospholipid membrane, all of the following types of substances will normally be kept on one side of the membrane EXCEPT NON-POLAR MOLECULES 11: A molecule that gains an electron from another molecule will experience A REDUCTION in its overall electrical charge. 12: Hydrolysis reactions ARE EXOTHERMIC 13: If a molecule is described as "organic," this means it CONTAINS CARBON AND HYDROGEN 14: Glucose is a sugar with six carbons.
MODEL ANSWERS FOR AQA BIOLOGY UNIT 1- BIOLOGY AND DISEASE June 2014 9 a. Explain why Maltase only breaks down Maltose, How does enzymes allow reactions to occur at body temperature? (5 marks) * Active site Specific to substrate-Complementary (Enzyme and Substrate) * Enzyme Substrate complex * Specific Amino Acid structure/ Primary Structure * Specific Tertiary Structure * Lowers activation energy * Reaction requires less energy for hydrolysis * Idea Biological catalyst/Not used up in reaction/Remains the same at the end of Reaction b. Explain in terms of the effect on enzymes how Competitive and Non-competitive inhibitors effect the enzymes (5 mark) * Competitive inhibitor similar shape to substrate * Blocks/Bound to Active site / Substrate can't bind * Enzyme substrate complex * Fewer Enzyme substrate complexes formed / Reduced products formed- example accepted e.g. Maltose --->2* Glucose / Reduced rate of reaction (Hydrolysis) * Non Competitive binds to site other than active site * Conformational change in shape of active site * Bonding breaks/ change shape / rearrange e.g.
Structure similar to substrate | Harmful noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor | C. Tie up metals | Feedback enzyme inhibition | B. Binds to allosteric site | Ribozyme | D. Catalytic RNA molecule | Question 5 Potentially, how many molecules of ATP can be generated by prokaryotes from the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O? Answers: 38 Question 6 How many molecules of ATP are spent by prokaryotes in the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid? Answers: 2 Question 7 Although the production of ATP during fermentation is limited, its advantage over respiration is that in fermentation Answers: | The final electron acceptors could be either inorganic or organic molecules | | Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. | | There is not need of an external molecule to serve as a final electron acceptor | | The production of FADH2 and NADH is higher than in respiration | | Glucose is oxidized to ethanol.
C.) Eukaryotic organelles are enclosed by lipid membranes. There are those that have double-membrane compartments such as chloroplast and mitochondria among others. Single-membrane compartment organelles include endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, Ribosomes do not have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures, affect the function of his heart cells because lysosomal enzymes which are normally bound safely inside vesicles will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles.
Single membrane compartment organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes don’t have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of the heart because lysosomal enzymes are normally bound safely inside vesicles that will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles. Question D: Two important pieces of information- The instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease-are both contained within the cell on which structures? (A) Joseph’s predisposition means that he inherited vascular disease which is held in the
Lactase is effective at pH 2 – 7 (including dH2O) and therefore breaks down the lactose sugar in milk into glucose and galactose. As a result, the test strips will turn a shade of brown. . Lactase is not effective at pH 10 – 12. At the high pHs, the enzyme lactase is denatured and is no longer able to break down the sugar lactose in milk.
Assume the left beaker contains 4 mM NaCl, 9 mM glucose, and 10 mM albumin. The right beaker contains 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM glucose, and 40 mM albumin. Furthermore, the dialysis membrane is permeable to all substances except albumin. State whether the substance will move (a) to the right beaker, (b) to the left beaker, or (c) not move. Glucose _____ Albumin _____ Water _____ NaCl _____ (3 points) 10.
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance and Mitochondrial Disease Sara James Western Governor's University Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Enzymes in Breakdown of Fructose Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions. They will bind to a substrate and then end up releasing a product. The enzymes do it by a process of lock and key. The lock is considered the substrate and the enzyme is considered the key. Only the enzyme will fix the substrate because of the active sites on the enzyme.
Cholesterol also makes the membrane less fluid by restraining the movement of phospholipids and lowers the temperature required to solidify the membrane. Complete depletion of cholesterol and sphingolipids results in cell death as their presence allows permeability to small molecules such as ions, glucose, and water. How does temperature affect lipid membrane? A membrane remains fluid as the temperature decreases, until it solidifies once it hits a critical temperature. The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on its fatty acid composition.
Think about it. The red blood cell's job is to carry oxygen. Mitochondria use oxygen to make ATP. If red blood cells had mitochondria, then some of the oxygen would be constantly used up. So -- no mitochondria either.