These long term variations in sea level can be caused by major glacial episodes, changes in the hydrological cycle, vertical land motion or even changes in the ocean and coastal circulation. These reasons can be put into two categories which are known as eustatic and isostatic change. Over the years the global sea level has overall significantly increased from 16BC which was when it was the world’s lowest sea level, however, it has fluctuated throughout the past thousand years. Eustatic change is when there is a rise or fall in sea level changes relative to the land, due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans or, alternatively, a change in the shape of a drainage basin and hence a change in the amount of water the sea can hold. Throughout and after an ice age, eustatic change takes place.
The bank of the river channel becomes worn away as a result of vertical erosion, due to the processes of hydraulic action which is the forces of flowing water against the river bed and banks caused by the volume of flowing water compared to kinetic energy and attrition which is the material being carried in the river colliding which then breaks the loads down into smaller pieces. Also the velocity of the water in its upper course of the river is slower as more energy is needed in overcoming friction on the uneven channel. however as the river travels more downstream less vertical and more lateral erosion begins to take place, the process of erosion which takes place her is attrition which is the carrying an breaking of the load and also abrasion which is when the material collides and wears away the bed rock, resulting the the river channel becoming more smoother, an also during the mid course you are more likely to come across flood plains. The channel characteristics also change when going downstream as the roughness decreases meaning that features such as potholes cannot be formed as the bed load is too small due to erosion wearing it away and breaking it down in to more smaller and rounder particles. Also as result of traveling downstream the mid-course and lower course tend to be more efficient and also has a smaller wetted perimeter.
(E) (4) effect on photosynthesis (light independent reaction); increased rate with small increases, disruption with larger; increased rate of growth of (some) plants; possible increased rate of crop growth; effect of other limiting factors. (PS) (5) effect on transpiration; increased rate of water loss and hence wilting/dehydration; reduced stomatal opening may affect photosynthesis; possible consequences of drought on ecosystems. (T) (6) effect on respiration and metabolism; increased effect on growth and activity, especially of ectotherms. (M) (7) ecological effects of disruption of food webs and the dynamics of ecosytems, with changes in niches and hence communities. (EC) (8) effect on species; extinction of species that are unable to adapt, especially ones with specialised requirements; limited opportunity for plants and some animals to spread to more suitable conditions as climate changes.
("Geology," 2008) It resulted in the folding of the area and shortened the north/south length of the area by about 8.7 miles. (Jaritz, 2008) “Kata Tjuta, near the end line of this bulldozing movement, was tilted only by15 degrees. But Uluru was rotated and almost tipped over at a steep angle close to 90 degrees.” (Jaritz, 2008) The near vertical sediment layers evident within the formation of Ayers Rock are due to this major earth movement. The continuing formation of Ayers Rock occurred slowly after the Alice Springs Orogeny. About 65 million year ago, the climate of the area had become extremely wet, and this brought river sand, swamp deposits, and small traces of coal to the area.
One of those is runoff, where a continuous layer of water runs down the cliff face, it will pick up particles of silt and clay as it flows downward. This is due to the lack of vegetation to anchor the soil down. Sub-aerial weathering happens dominantly with less resistant rock such as clay. This is being stopped with coastal defences, which stops the cycle of coastal erosion. The type of processes which shape the coastal landscape all links together in a cycle.
Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river flooding (15) Floods can be caused by certain human activities such as urbanisation. The build up of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements and buildings means that when there is high levels of precipitation, infiltration is not possible and rainwater flows straight to the river channel as surface runoff, increasing river discharge and potentially causing a river to flood. Also, deforestation is another human cause of flooding; deforestation reduces interception and evapotranspiration. This means more water reaches the river, increasing discharge. However, physical causes can also have large impacts and can be the main cause of a flood.
For constructive plate margins, the magma rises up into the gap that created by the plate move apart to form a volcano. After that for earthquakes, after that for the earthquakes, it occur at all three types of plate margins. They are caused by tension that build up at the plate margins, for destructive plate margins, the tension build up when one plate get stuck as it’s moving down past the other into the mantle. Then for constructive margins, the tension builds along cracks within the plates as they move away from each other. At last for conservations margins, the tension build up when plate are grinding past each other get stuck.
This extreme pressure change makes the iso bars compact together creating fast moving winds and causing wind speeds to increase to even out the air pressure. 3. Describe the changes in central pressure and sustained wind speed between 29 and 30 August 2005? The air pressure from august 29th to august 30th changed from 904mbars to 985 mbars. While the air pressure increased the winds decrease as iso bars spread apart and wind is no longer moving at an abrupt pace.
This is accomplished through lowering or setting back natural or constructed levees currently blocking the flow of water out of the main channel. Doing so increases the cross sectional area wetted perimeter of flow, thus reducing velocity and momentum (Rakovan and Renwick,
The crustal thickness would influence the range of composition by an increase of elevation. The convergent boundary pushes the plates together, making the elevation higher, and the lava and ash build the crust thicker. The composition of magma depends on how long the magma takes to rise. The slower the rise of magma, the more crystallization of minerals will occur, due to a thicker crust. 7.