They did this using 45 students. The students were shown seven clips of different traffic accidents and after each clip, they were given a questionnaire that asked them to describe the accident and then it asked them a series of question. One of these question was a critical question which asked them, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?". To determine the effect of misleading questions, one group was asked the above question and the other groups were asked the same question but with slightly different wording. Instead of using the word hit, Loftus and palmer replaced it with bumped, smashed, contacted and collided.
In experiment 1, Loftus and Palmer gathered 45 participants from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. All of the participants were shown 7 different film clips, some that involved footage of real life crashes, and some that involved staged crashes, varying in lengths from 5 to 30 seconds. After each clip the participants were asked to write an account of what they had just seen in the crash, as well as this, the participants were also asked a set of questions, unknowingly answering the critical question which regarded how fast they thought the vehicle was travelling at the time of the crash. This question gave Loftus and Palmer the information about how people’s minds filled in the gaps of an event depending on the questions asked. The basis of the question was “About how fast were the cars going when they _______ each
It can also help to determine if there are some form of efforts to be taken in that area to help prevent future accidents from occurring. Accidents are inevitable. Sometimes people have the accident occur so quickly that they are not sure exactly what happened or how. Therefore, being able to reconstruct the accident can alleviate the blame of whose fault it was. The speed, positions at different times during the accident, and angles are being covered to reconstruct the accident.
The human memory has a propensity to recall erroneous events and even details that did not happen. This phenomenon can be described as reconstruction theory, which “suggests that information stored in the long term memory is not forgotten in the usual sense but sometimes is recalled in a distorted, incorrect manner” (Lahey, Benjamin 2012). An experiment performed by Elizabeth Loftus, showed that a third party can introduce false memory altered by false cues. Subjects viewed a slide of an accident involving cars. Some were later asked to describe the speed of the cars before they smashed into each other, others were asked the same question, but using the term hit instead of smash.
Outline and evaluate research into the effect of misleading information on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Loftus and Palmer conducted a laboratory experiment. Forty-five American students were shown slides of a car accidents and then asked questions that would be asked as if they were being eyewitnesses. They were asked one specific question in five different ways to different groups of the participants, which was ‘about how fast was the car going when they; smashed, hit, bumped, collided and contacted. They found that the estimated speed was effected by the verb used in the question; smashed had the highest speed while contacted had the lowest speed.
One of the men was stabbed and badly injured. Later that day the police questioned Jenny, using a cognitive interview. They asked her to report everything she could remember about the incident even if it seemed unimportant. Apart from ‘report everything’, explain how the police could use a cognitive interview to investigate what Jenny could remember. • Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory • Outline the working memory model.
Two lab studies both using independent measures design were carried out. The independent variable in both of the experiments was the verb used in the sentence. The dependant variable in experiment 1 was the PP’s speed estimate, whereas in experiment 2, the dependant variable was whether or not the PP’s believed they saw glass. The PP’s for experiment 1 were 45 students at the University of Washington and for experiment 2 there were 150 student participants. The PP’s were shown 7 short film clips from safety films for driver education of traffic collisions.
The present study aims to replicate the 1972 study by Loftus and Palmer. The aim of Loftus and Palmers study was to find out if there are factors that can mislead and affect memory. They tried to find out if misleading questions had any effect on peoples memories when they are provided with post-event misinformation. 45 students from the University of Washington took part of this study. These participants were shown seven videos of car crashes that were approximately four to thirty seconds long.
As freeway lane selection algorithm is considered to be a best algorithm for traffic simulation models. It is developed under NGSIM program. It is the most precise algorithm for decision making. According to the earlier research the results obtained by using Bayes classifier and decision tree are not sufficient for accurate lane change and resulted in a traffic crash or accident. Thus the use of freeway lane selection algorithm made this possible to make a lane change with higher accuracy.
Responsibility however, is not the only thing that should be encouraged to young drivers. Experience in driving should also be highly encouraged, as it is very important. For example, when driving in rainy weather, you should: “stay toward the middle lanes(of the road)- water tends to pool in the outside lanes“, and “turn your headlights on even in a light rain, or in gloomy, foggy or overcast conditions. Not only do they help