The paper will show both positive and negative results that relate to the author's own insights and individualization. This paper will also discuss the criticisms of this theory and the individuals need for self-actualization. Along with this discussion will be a brief description of two of the influential founders of this theory. Humanistic theory is a theory of its own caliber and has raised the standard in psychoanalysis and behaviorism while focusing more realistically on human behavior. Humanistic psychology is young compared to the age of other approaches and theories, but very different in the basis that the approach focuses on individual control and free will or choices and steers away from the ideas that all human behavior is based around pleasure.
An Examination of the Cartesian Self The object of psychology is, arguably, no less than the Cartesian self or cogito. If Descartes was wrong, what does this tell us about the field of psychology? Word Count (Excluding Quotes and References): 2,169 An Examination of the Cartesian Self ‘Psychology’, is well established, both as an academic discipline, and an entity which holds a central role in popular culture. Perhaps its most crucial component is that of ‘the self’. The origins of the self though do not lie solely within psychology, but within the Westernised philosophy from which the discipline emerged (Hayes, 2000).
B.F. SKINNER & BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS Abstract The desire to understand the mind has led to the development of the field of psychology, defined as the scientific study of the human mind and behavior with a goal of understanding why people think, act and feel as they do. According to many Scholars, B.F Skinner is considered to be a legend in the field of psychology due to his contributions through the many theories he helped develop. For instance, Rutherford (2004) in his article “A “visible scientist”: B.F. Skinner’s Writings for the Popular Press” noted that Skinner has been criticized by some in this field for the fact that he has set back the study of psychology instead of moving it forward. However, some considers him to be the best thinker among the psychologists of modern times. In many of his writings Skinner had noted that the human behavior is in a way associated with the environment in which that particular person is living in.
Can intelligence change? To what extent is intelligence malleable? Extended Essay: Psychology Name: Candidate number: School: Nörre Gymnasium Word count: 37811 Abstract This essay investigated the research question: To what extent is intelligence malleable? It was necessary to start by presenting the debate on defining intelligence since there is not a complete consensus among psychologists, however, this paper accepted a definition which is generally accepted by respected psychologists; that ‘intelligence is the ability to deal with cognitive complexity’ (Gottfredson, 1998). In presenting and analysing empirical evidence such as Howe (1997) supporting the thesis that intelligence can, in fact, change under the right conditions and given enough time, a strong indication of malleability is provided.
Erik Erikson Today, the American psychoanalyst, Erik Erikson is best known as the “Architect of Identity, and the “Father of Psychosocial Development”. Erikson is a Freudian ego-psychologist, meaning that he accepts Freud’s ideas as basically correct, although he has been known to look farther into the culture, and society-oriented parts (Beoree, 1997). Maybe that is why Erikson’s theories are popular among Freudian’s and non-Freudian’s alike. He is credited for widening the scope of psychoanalytic theory to take greater account of social, cultural, and other environment factors (Slater, 2002). Erik Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany.
1. In the Neostoic view (such as held by Martha Nussbaum and Carl Ratner) emotions are just the other side of the coin of our rational and moral reasoning which composes our world-view, (a set of concepts, values, beliefs and emotions that can change due to new insights and experiences). Let's look at this Neostoic view of the emotions as cognitive and evaluative personal judgements, and how they are also connected to cultural (macro) attitudes, beliefs and social relations. Nussbaum says that it is as important to nourish and cultivate prosocial emotions (love, compassion, peace, goodness) as to create institutions of justice. Her Neostoic view of emotions springs from the stoic philosopher Hrisip.
The Psychoanalysis Perspective Abstract. Sigmund Freud, the Father of Personality Psychology, highlights many theories in his writings. Most noted in this paper was the Psychoanalytic Perspective, which gives an in-depth view of determinism, the importance of conflict, early experience, infantile sexuality, and most illustrious the importance of unconscious motivation. This theory assumed that there exist three levels of consciousness in which the human mind functions. People did not come to accept his theory at first, but after much testing it was proven mostly valid and reliable.
Overall, the goal of humanism is to understand the description of human being. Such as importance of language, establishing a set of values, the full spectrum of human emotions, and seeks the meaning in their lives (Henley et al, 2009). Maslow took humanistic psychology to the complete opposite path to behaviourism, which focused on predicting and controlling human behaviour, and objectively study of human behaviour. Unlike behaviourism, humanism believes studying animal behaviours cannot lead to understanding the behaviours of humans (Jourard, 1974). He believed a healthy motivational status is when healthy people have sufficiently gratified their basic needs for safety, belongingness, love, respect, and self-esteem.
The first core belief is the concept of the autonomous, responsible and rational adult. Mezirow believed that the goal of transformational learning is “to gain the crucial sense of agency over ourselves and our lives" that is often associated with individuals reflecting on a dysfunctional operational system or company policy, and taking action to change it. A second core belief relates to knowledge creation that is constructivist. Human beings are active participants in the process of making meaning and are the creators of knowledge and hence engage in critical reflection. The pre-conditions that satiate the concept are full information, the ability to objectively evaluate arguments and freedom from self-deception or coercion.
However, what I have learnt in the first lesson is that psychology is a kind of science. Psychology contains critical and scientific thinking, or, in the other words, it is based on evidence. Ironically, according to Freud’s awareness level, which has changed the age of western about the thinking of psychosis was a crime to an illness, there are no evidence can support his view in relation to the human that are id, ego and superego. The main character of psychoanalysis is consciousness. According to Freud, there are three ideas in relation to the human that are id, ego and superego.