Can the outcomes of nonparametric tests be generalized to populations? Nonparametric tests must be used when the data don’t satisfy the normal assumption of the parametric test. They can also be used for medians or for contingency tables that don’t fall into any distribution. Nonparametric tests are useful because they don’t assume any particular distribution. I can use them when my data is non-normal, such as in a test for means.
A test is considered valid when it measures the way it says it does. Content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity are the three types of validity. Content validity measures how well a test samples a universe of items. Construct validity examines how well a test reflects an underlying construct or idea behind a test or measurement tool. How well a test reflects some criterion that occurs in either present or future is criterion validity.
We measure to obtain information about what is. Such information may or may not be useful, depending on the accuracy of the instruments we use, and our skill at using them. Assessment is a process by which information is obtained relative to some known objective or goal. A test is a special form of assessment. A test or assessment yields information relative to an objective or goal.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are the two dominant methods in psychological research today (Hayes, 2000). Qualitative research methods take an approach to analysing data that looks at meaning rather than numbers. The data, therefore, generally consists of non-numerical information such as words or images. Quantitative research methods approach research differently and analyse the information based on numbers and statistics, the resulting data is primarily numerical. This paper will compare and contrast the two methods looking at their differing research techniques, their suitability for different studies and the resulting differences in data.
Weight the criteria The decision-maker weights the previously identified criteria in order to give them correct priority in the decision. Generate alternatives The decision maker generates possible alternatives that could succeed in resolving the problem. No attempt is made in this step to appraise these alternatives, only to list them. Rate each alternative on each criterion The decision maker must critically analyze and evaluate each one. The strengths and weakness of each alternative become evident as they compared with the criteria and weights established in second and third steps.
Abstract In this article, Role Theory is revisited from a structural perspective. Based on a set of intuitive hypotheses, a theory of warm-up flow is derived and the consequences presented. Experimental options are listed to test the hypotheses. Elementary concepts, such as the role map and drama interactions are introduced to capture higher level phenomena. The model unfolded is supported with a strict mathematical model describing warm-up flow in role systems.
Responses at L1 and L2 are likely to be characterised by limited range/depth of support and/or lack of focus on the question. Level 2 answers are likely to offer an accurate description of the financial expedients adopted while those at L3 will have adequate focus and support, despite some narrative or descriptive passages. Responses at this level will clearly address either ‘the degree of achievement’ or ‘resentment’. At L4 candidates will demonstrate awareness that more than one judgement is possible on one or both of these issues, by presenting alternative arguments, while those at L5 will be able to develop these into a balanced judgement by evaluating, adjudicating between, and/or reconciling, different views on both
Phase II does a better job at quantifying risk for this project. This phase builds on the phase I process. Using the assumptions that were documented as discussed above these are elaborated upon and compared to the cost, schedule and scope of the project quantifying the risk and documenting it. As stated in the text quantitative risk modeling provides a basis in which to inter-mingle the consequences of each risk into an overall assessment to support decision-making and management control. (Cooper, Grey, Raymond and Walker, 2005 pg.188) Which phase did you find easier to follow with regards to the risk assessment?
To establish the boundaries of the confidence interval, we must first select the level of confidence (L). In this case, I will set L=0.98, its complement being a level of significance (α) of α=0.02. Since we only have the sample mean and standard deviation, we must use the t-table and find the critical value when α/2=0.01 (simple differentiation = two-tailed test). Appendix A establishes the variables and shows the calculation of the interval boundaries. This allows me to state with 98% confidence that the population mean Cost will fall between $39.14 and $44.76.
It might be helpful to give an example. 5. Identify the three standard replies to this objection (see lecture notes) and then choose ONE to explain in more detail. 6. Argue that your chosen reply either does or doesn’t really succeed in defending Classical Utilitarianism.