This approach is supported by Burt et al who asked participants to recall a list of words. He found that depressed participants recalled more negative words. This is research evidence to support that there is a cognitive bias and irrational thinking in disorders such as depression. Therapies
So again strongly suggests that low activity noradrenaline, is a factor contributing to the cause of depression. Support for this explanation has also come from research studies. Findings from psychologists , have led to the idea that depression is caused by a depletion of these naimes , especially serotonin and noradrenaline (in which I have discussed), however this idea is too simplistic, when infact its more complex than that. A example of why it is more complex is from the original theory, is that anti depressants do
Psychophysiology notes that “Self-serving attributions occur when negative personal outcomes are ascribed to external circumstances and when positive outcomes are ascribed to internal factors. Individuals strategically employ the self-serving bias to maintain and protect positive self-views. “(Page 511) Stereo Typing Brown, Rupert (2010). Prejudice: Its Social Psychology (2nd ed.). Stereotypes lead people to expect certain actions from members of social groups.
PTSD The purpose for this paper is to analyze the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder diagnoses in men and women. The focal point of this examination will prove that women are more likely to develop PTSD at a higher rate than men. My hypothesis is women are more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder rather than men. This paper will use demographics, literary support, and examination from solid sources. In the DSM-IV-TR, posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder.
Coates et al propose that the trauma led to a cross gender fantasy as a means of resolving the ensuing anxiety. Another psychosocial explanation is the effect of mother-son relationships. Stoller found that GID is often a result of distorted parent attitudes. He interviewed GID individuals and found that the majority displayed overly close mother-son relationships. Therefore, this may have led to greater female identification and confused gender identity.
Reasons for Depression PSY/315 July 15, 2015 Depression is rampant in our culture today. This paper will help describe and define the sources of depression using a two-tailed test with alternative hypothesis testing. The two conditions to be evaluated will be the cause of the depression; biological or psychological. The null in this scenario would be that the depression is caused equally amongst both groups of individuals. By using surveys, we will be able to obtain information which cannot be observed directly, which will not translate into a conclusion.
An additional theoretical explanation is Beck’s (1979) model of depression. In relation to abnormality the cognitive approach emphasizes the role of cognitive processes (belief, thought, perception) in causing psychological disorders. The approach makes several basic assumptions and one of these is the assumption that human behaviour is heavily influenced by schemata, many of these schemata relate to how we see ourselves. The Beck’s cognitive model of depression is heavily influenced by the above assumption and it involves three negative schemata: • Negative view of the self • Negative view of the world • Negative view of the future Beck refers to these as the negative triad and they can be seen in the attributions that depressed individuals make. There are three dimensions • Attributions can be internal or external • Attributions can be specific or global • Finally they can be stable or
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that assumes negative behaviors and emotions that are caused by faulty thoughts and thinking patterns (Ford-Martin, 1999). CBT helps clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving. (Galanter ,Keller, & Weinberg, 1997). CBT is used quite often to treat substance abuse issues. The approach focuses on maladaptive behaviors (addictive behaviors) by changing what it perceives to be the root cause of them (faulty thinking).
Topic Three: Abnormal Psychology Critically discuss the problems involved with studying the effects of stressful life events on depression Each research method has its own particular strength and weakness in helping us to understand the nature and causes of abnormal behaviour, specifically, the effects of stressful life events on depression. Because of the personal nature of studying the effects of stressful life events on depression, a series of problems which “compromise our ability to make clear causal inferences about the effects of life events on first onset of major depression” (Kessler 1997) have been observed. These problems relate to both quantitative and qualitative methods of study. The quantitative data method describe, for example, longitudinal and cross sectional surveys while qualitative methods interpret, using, for example, group discussions, in-depth interviews and case studies. The following paper will critically discuss examples of both quantitative and qualitative methods and their positive and negative features which create problems for researchers studying the effects of stressful life events.
These results are discouraging because they imply discrimination in the evaluation of school and job performance (Berscheid & Walster, 1972; Dipbaze, Fromkin, & Wilback, 1975) as well as in judgments concerning moral or legal transgressions (Dion, 1972; Sigall & Ostrove, 1975). Since this research suggests unfair treatment of people, it is important to examine in detail reports concerning this bias. The most often cited experiment on an attractiveness-induced halo effect was reported by Landy and Sigall (1974). 1A similar version of this article was presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Los Angeles, April 1976. Thanks are due to Jan Ault, Lynn