Lynch and Richards (2010) stated, “He has added significantly to our understanding of clinical and theoretical issues and provided us with wise input on complex group, organizational, and political dilemmas” (p. 1). Within this article, the importance of psychoanalysis is highlighted as well as the reasoning behind Rangell’s interest within psychology. Rangell was fascinated with Freud’s findings, especially taking interest in the study of anxiety, and went beyond Freud’s research to satisfy his own curiosities. The article informs the reader of Rangell’s journey, what he discovered, and the major influence he was to psychoanalysis. Moreira (2012) stated, “Humanistic-phenomenological psychotherapy is a contemporary development of person-centered therapy” (p. 3).
He also made fundamental contributions to philosophy and Lear (2005) names Freud as one of the greatest theorists of human nature, engaging in deep issues and problems such as human sexuality, the unconscious, dreams and theories of transference. Psychosexual development is fundamentally a series of five childhood developmental stages
To accomplish the primary functions of the nervous system there are neural pathways to transmit impulses from receptors to the circuitry of the brain, which manipulates the circuitry to form directives that are transmitted via neural pathways to effectors as a response. II. SENSATION A. Sensation is a conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.
The family travelled frequently due to her husband’s job, but eventually settled in Budapest in 1910. She had her third child, Eric, in 1914. While in Budapest, she began studying with psychoanalyst Sandor Ferenczi who encouraged her to psychoanalyze her own children. Out of Klein's work, the technique known as 'play therapy' emerged and is still used extensively today in psychotherapy. She met Sigmund Freud for the first time at the 1918 International Psycho-Analytic Congress in Budapest, which inspired her to write her first psychoanalytic paper, "The Development of a Child."
Psychodynamic personality theories started with Sigmund Freud and his Id, Ego, and Superego theory (unconscious and conscious behavior) and today have come full circle with the validation of his basic assumptions of psychoanalytical theory. Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology (McLeod, 2007, p.1). The first theory of the psychodynamic approach was Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis theory. The approach of many psychologists collectively included theories based on Freud’s ideas. In essence, Freud’s theoretical foundation for the psychodynamic approach is referenced as the structural model (Marc F. Kern, 1996-2003).
Psychodynamic Theories Introduction goes here. Key Figures Sigmund Freud The father of psychoanalysis, Freud based his theories on the unconscious mind, infantile sexuality and the Oedipal complex, and repression. In addition, he proposed a three-part psychological structure in the Id, considered the pleasure principle, Ego, also known as the reality principle, and Superego, which is the internalized moral principle. According to Thornton (2010), “Freud’s innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultural artifacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has proven to be extraordinarily fruitful, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields including psychology, anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation” (para 2). Alfred Adler In 1911, Alfred Adler formed the school of Individual Psychology as a reaction to the hostile response he received from members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
History and Development of the Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach to psychoanalysis was first invented by Sigmund Freud who made significant contributions to research as he was working as neurologist in Vienna. In 1893 he published with a co-author Breuer, a paper (Breuer, Freud, 1893) when he first described that traumas from childhood may be the cause of psychological problems later, for example of hysteria or depressions. During hypnosis sessions Freud learnt from his patients that they have in their deep unconsciousness traumas from earlier life, and that those traumatic experiences are buried as a defence mechanism of the conscious soul as protection from the pain caused by those traumas. Freud introduced the concept of conscious and unconscious, basics of transference and counter-transference. Melanie Klein (Klein, 1988, 1998) made substantial discoveries and development to the theory of psychodynamics.
Summarise 2 identity theories, compare they’re usefulness for explaining real world issues discussed in chapter 1 Physical disability is real world issue Social constructionism Psychosocial Psychosocial * James Marcia and erik erikson both view psychoanalysis as being influenced by both social and personal factoris. * Erikson developed psychosocial theory through Clinical work, naturalistic observations and probably his own experiences * Our core identity is achieved when individuals have a sense of who they are and what role the play in society. * Erikson talks about how identity achievement is a lifelong development in which we are trying to resolve conflicts that arise between what us as individuals want and what the society demands * Erik himself had a very turbulent adolescent because he was a struggling artist and he was in search of his birth father but he failed. This was his identity crisis * Eriksons ideas about young peoples ‘clannishness’ can help to explain current social issues such as the prevalence of bullying in schools page 56 * Erikson also argued that people whom we consider to be very different from ourselves can threaten our sense of identity and that this can lead to aggression. This issue was, not surprisingly, one with which he was concerned since the fact that he was born Jewish put him at considerable risk in Austria prior to the Second World War.
It highlights the important concepts of the theory, its chief tenets and its application during the early childhood relationships. Then, the essay goes on to examine the ways in which knowledge and understanding of the theory help social workers to promote and safeguard the welfare of children. The examination mainly focuses on how the attachment theory can help social workers in assessing, intervening, examining the causes of child abuse and how children are looked after. Theory of attachment Attachment theory is the strongest theoretical influence in modern-day studies of infant-parent relationships. John Bowlby was the first exponent of the theory.
Erikson’s Theory of Development When psychologists discuss identity, they are alluding to the beliefs, ideals and values that help shape and aide an individual’s behavior (Cherry, 2014a). Development of identity is something that starts in childhood and becomes imperative during adolescence and, as per Eric Erikson, this proceeds throughout life (Cherry, 2014a). Continuing development as we age, our individual character gives everyone a facilitated feeling of self. Eric Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development (McLeod, 2008). Centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development, Erikson’s theory is influenced by Freud (Cherry, 2014a).