Memory is to do with how we encode, store and retrieve information. The multi-store model of memory was suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin who said that we have 3 different memory stores: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory and formed a linear model to demonstrate the process. A key aspect of the model is that the memory stores have different characteristics which include capacity, duration and encoding. Capacity refers to how much information that can be stored, duration is how long the memory lasts and encoding is how the memory is taken in and stored to be recalled later. We have sensory memory stores where information from the outside world is taken in unconsciously so if it is not looked at consciously it can be lost via decay as the duration is very short (possibly up to 2 seconds).
“The ability to recollect past events and to bring learned facts and ideas back to mind.” (Foster, 2002) Types of Memory According to the Multi Store Model of Human Memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffirin, memory is of three different types: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) 1. Sensory Memory: Based on the principle of Dual Channel, visual and auditory information enter the sensory memory through separate, independent channels (Low & Sweller, 2014). Though the capacity of the sensory memory system is infinite, the information is only held for 0.25-2 seconds. The information which is brought into our awareness or gains our attention is passed on to the Working Memory System, the rest is lost. 2.
The strength of those pathways determines how quickly you recall the memory. To reinforce that initial memory, it must move multiple times across the nerve cells, retracing its steps. Memory formation largely occurs in the brain's limbic system, which regulates learning, memory and emotions. The cortex is the temporary storage place of short-term memories and the area where the brain puts the new
It is easier to forget blunt and ordinary images. Using mental images is very useful while learning a new language. The key word technique is an excellent example. It is important to make a connection between a word in
Outline and evaluate the model of working memory In this essay I am going outline what is working memory in terms of psychology and evaluate it in terms of both advantages and limitation of the working memory model. The fact that short-term memory contains both new information and information retrieved from long-term memory has led some psychologists to prefer the term ‘working memory’ (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986,1992) Working memory model is an alternative to the multi-store model; it is a far more complex explanation of short-term memory. Baddeley and Hitch argued that the short-term memory was made up of several subsystems, each of them have a specialized function, rather than the short-term memory model being a single inflexible store. According to Martin, G. N, Carlson, N.R & Buskist, W. (2006) “According to Baddeley, working memory is a short-term memory system that allows us to retain material for current use and not just for transport into long-term memory.” Baddeley suggested this short-term memory as having three independent components that allow us to store temporarily visuo-spatial material and verbal material. These components were so-called the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad and the Phonological Loop.
With reference to relevant research discuss the extent to which models of memory and theories of forgetting explain human memory. This essay will analyse the effectiveness of the multi-store model of memory and the working memory model together with examination of Trace Decay and Displacement theories of forgetting, as effective methods for explaining human memory. Memory can be defined as the minds storage system for information or experience (Gross 1996). The multi-store model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968/1971 as cited in Gross, 1996; Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum, 2004) is a linier diagram with three stores; the sensory store, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) stores. Entailing of information flowing in a fixed sequence from one to the next.
The multi store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) is a classic model of memory. It is sometimes called the modal model or the dual process model. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggest that memory is made up of a series of stores (see below) The multi store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) describes memory in terms of information flowing through a system. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If attended to this information enters the short term memory.
Evaluate the extent to which a cognitive process is reliable This essay will explore the extent a cognitive process is reliable in terms of memory. By focusing at different types of memory it will be possible to deduce whether or not memory is reliable. The essay will focus on ‘Schemas and eyewitness testimony’ (Loftus and Palmer, 1974), ‘Weapons effect’ Loftus et al. (1987), ‘Serial position curves with immediate and delayed free recall’ (Glanzer and Cunitz, 1966), and ‘A study of flashbulb memory’ (Brown and Kulik, 1977), meaning they will all focus on different aspects of memory; eyewitness testimony, recalling information (an experiment focusing on the MSM model), and flashbulb memory. Each of the studies will also be supported by minor studies focusing on the same hypothesis.
Most importantly, Kandel studied the neuron and identified the changes in the structure and functioning of the neurons involved with learning and memory. When the slug added functions to memory through repeated stimulation, considerable changes occur in neurons involved in the process – showing the role of neuron change in memory through repetition. This helps us understand how repetition of new behaviours over time can form changes to neurons in the brain for lasting effects. 2) The gateway for memory: How does memory and the brain’s hippocampus and temporal lobes relate? Sitting in the temporal lobe region of the brain is the hippocampus, which is known as the ‘gateway’ for our biographical memory, including the places we’ve lived in our lives.
Psychology assignment 1 of 1 Cognitive Psychology, research report Does learning method effect our ability to store information in our short and long – term memory? Introduction: Cognition literally means “knowing” psychologists from this approach study cognition which is the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired. As humans we acquire knowledge through learning and experience, and we store our knowledge by way of memory. “Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present” (Sternberg, 1999) Therfore we learn and then we store information for future use. How does the past experience get into our memory in the first place?