X-Ray Microtomography of Bones and Teeth Craig Polchinski, Cody Link, Taylor Cramer ECE 5206, Fall 2013 Professor clymer X-Ray Microtomography of Bones and Teeth Craig Polchinski, Cody Link, Taylor Cramer ECE 5206, Fall 2013 Professor clymer With the advancement of the material science field comes the need for improved material characterization techniques. Researchers are required to understand the intricacies of materials on the micro and nano scale. For a disease such as Osteoporosis, understanding the deterioration of the human bone is of high significance. Therefore a great deal of work in the medical fields will push to study the effects of diseases, such as Osteoporosis, that affect human bone structure even down to a microscopic scale. To analyze bone structure or other hard tissues, the characterization technique X-ray Computed Tomography can be used.
Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials are an important category of biomaterials that have promising potential for bone repair and regeneration. The following paper discuss how direct manipulation of the microstructure of HA biomaterials can generate unique characteristics. A unique unidirectional freezing method aimed at manipulating the microstructure of HA biomaterials to produce unique and desirable characteristics is elaborated on. Next, the relationship between release pattern and pharmacological activity of different therapeutic bone growth factors are discussed. Introduction Patients often require more than a simple patch of bone to be replaced after traumatic injuries, bone resection due to tumors, or complex surgeries in areas such as the hips or knees.
Explain procedure to patient 4. One rescuer to maintain C-spine immobilization 5. Another rescuer will then measure and apply the appropriate C-collar 6. Place the backboard behind the patient 7. Have two rescuers, one on each side, standing beside the patient, facing the head rescuer 8.
Figure 2 shows the effect of arthritis on the hip joint. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is caused due to inflammation around the joint damaging cartilage and causing bones to rub against each other, causing pain. Finally, bony growths will be formed around the joint. Osteoarthritis usually develops in people over 50 and is more common with family history and in women. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes chronic inflammation of the synovial lining of the joint and causes pain and stiffness.
Second intention healing occurs when a wound fails to heal by primary union. It generally occurs in large wounds that cannot be directly approximated or in which infection has caused breakdown of a sutured wound. Third intention wound healing, or delayed primary closure, occurs when two granulated surfaces are approximated. The traumatic (Class III or IV) surgical wound is debrided and purposely left open to heal by second intention (granulation) for approximately 4 to 6 days. Three main factors influence the rate at which wound healing occurs, the strength of the healed wound, and the risk of infection.
4. Two joints in the knee a. tibiofemoral joint, which joins the tibia to the femur b. the patellofemoral joint which joins the kneecap to the femur c. two joints work together to form a modified hinge joint that not allows the knee to bend and straighten, but also to rotate slightly and from side to side. B. Structure of the Knee 1. bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages and a joint capsule, all of which are made of collagen. C. Bones of the Knee 1. give strength, stability and flexibility in the knee 2.
The articular capsule has two layers: -Fibrous capsule: the outer layer - Synovial membrane: the inner layer that secretes synovial fluid which lubricates to reduce friction. The surface of the knee joint, the patella lies within the joint capsule and has an important function which is to reduce friction during extension and to protect the knee joint. The muscles that facilitate the movement of the synovial joints are skeletal muscles. The muscles that move the knee joint are called quadriceps and hamstring. When the agonist which is the contracting muscle which, in this case is the quadriceps, it allows flexion of the knee joint while the antagonist which will be the hamstring, is the relaxed
INTRODUCTION Natural synovial joints such as hip and knees are remarkable bearings. The Engineering studies of lubrication, friction and wear of human and artificial joints has provided a great deal of understanding on how natural joints work and why they fail. It also allows manufacturing of artificial joints for surgical implementation in the case of severe ‘ARTHTIS’. The increasing life expectancy of the ageing population and the need to surgically treat arthritis in increasing numbers of younger patients is placing greater demands on the durability and expected clinical lifetime of artificial hip joints. In the area of orthopedic implants, particularly total hip joint replacements, a metal plastic combination is the most popular choice.
Materials/ Equipment Needed: Local Anesthesia Cast/splint x-ray Local Anesthesia Cast/splint x-ray Procedures: 1.) Local or regional anesthesia, or sedation, may be used to control pain and to promote muscle relaxation. 2.) The physician applies pressure above and below the fracture, often with assistance by a person or device to maintain traction on the muscles around the fracture. 3.)
The softened growth plates at the ends of a child’s bones due to rickets can cause bowed legs, abnormally curved spine, thickened wrists and ankles, and breastbone projections. Bone pain skeletal