In October 1799 Napoleon became first consul of the government and in so being became the most powerful man in France. Napoleon claimed to be the “heir of the revolution” and to begin with he introduced a new system of government promoting “career open to talent” which allowed people from various origins to take high ranking positions in the government and military. Napoleon also made feudalism, which was abolished by the revolution illegal in France thus showing his support for the revolution. Napoleon also introduced legal reforms by writing the “Code Napoleon.” With this he replaced the law codes of the ancient regime which during the revolution had caused much confusion. This new set of laws meant that every French citizen had equal rights promoting the revolutionary idea of equality among all men.
Introduction From the first explosion of Mongol military might from the steppes of central Asia in the early decades of the 13th century to the death of Timur in 1405, the nomads of central Asia made a last, stunning return to center stage in world history. Mongol invasions ended or interrupted many of the great empires of the postclassical period, while also extending the world network that had increasingly defined the period. Under Chinggis Khan - who united his own Mongol tribesmen and numerous nomadic neighbors into the mightiest war machine the world had seen to that time - central Asia, northern China, and eastern Persia were brought under Mongol rule. Under Chinggis Khan's sons and grandsons, the rest of China, Tibet, Persia, Iraq, much of Asia Minor, and all of southern Russia were added to the vast Mongol imperium. Though the empire was divided between Chinggis Khan's sons after his death in 1227, the four khanates or kingdoms -which emerged in the struggles for succession -dominated most of Asia for the next one and one-half centuries.
The church said that the only way you could get time out of purgatory or save a family member from purgatory was to buy indulgences this means that the monks will pray for you and your family. This was criticised by the Protestants because they argued that purgatory was not mentioned in the bible and that Rome was shaping religion to benefit them. Also the influence of European Protestants helped influence the change in England, this is proven by the protestant stronghold that was located in south east England this is because of the influence from the German and Dutch traders who would come to England and share their views also in the south the people were generally more educated so they were able to relate to the information and find faults in catholism. Henry V111 religious convictions are also a reason to why the church changed from catholism to Protestantism, one religious conviction was the First act of Annates in 1532 this banned payment of annates to Rome. It also threatened that bishops could be consecrated
The dissolution of the monasteries, enabled by Cromwell’s actions, removed access to this outside influence from English spiritual life. Secondly, by ordering in 1538 that every parish church should possess a bible in the vernacular, Cromwell made the true source of religious knowledge available to every literate person. For the laity, the need for an omniscient, but more significantly, distant, authority was erased. Religious knowledge, and therefore influence over the congregation, was contained to English authorities. The Bible could be interpreted in a way which supported the dissolution of the monasteries and the royal supremacy, representing a clear transition of religious power to Henry and the monarchy from the papacy.
An unmarried female ruler was inconceivable to sixteenth-century Europeans. There were two major threats to the peace of her reign, the reigns of Edward and Mary had left England as a divided country religiously. Elizabeth’s religious ideals were unknown, but both Catholics and Protestants hoped for her support. She brought Protestants who had been exiled back into England. As for the religious divide, Elizabeth created a Church of England where Protestants and Catholics alike could go to pray and let people decide what religion they would like to follow.
a) the King b) the Nobles c) the Pope d) the Knights 4. Martin Luther believed that salvation was obtained through: a) faith b) the sacraments c) purchasing indulgences d) practicing celibacy 5. The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation were similar in that both were a) stimulated by a spirit of inquiry b) supported by the working class c) limited to Italy, France, and Germany d) encouraged by the successes of the French Revolution 6. One major influence the Renaissance had on the Protestant Reformation was that the philosophers of the Renaissance a) supported democratic forms of government b) encouraged a questioning attitude c) stressed the importance of life after death d) denied the existence of God 7. The ideas of the of the Protestant Reformation were rapidly spread by ________, a new invention of the time a) the printing press b) telephone c) the Internet d) telegraph 8.
Introduction For Augustine, the Roman church was the seat of Peter to whom the Lord after his resurrection entrusted the feeding of his sheep and the church in which the primacy of apostolic chair developed and remained successful. The fall of the Western Roman Empire and its invasion by the barbarians created a number of independent kingdoms each of which was of great significance for the latter history of the church in its territory. It also gave new functions and power to two institutions that had began to develop earlier the monastic and the papacy. More invasions posed new challenges to the church and were very disastrous. This condition raised diverse reasons for papal power from different popes who contributed differently to its growth.
Mary believed that it was her duty to restore the true faith and the true Church. Mary executed a total of 238 Protestants. This included big Protestant figures such as Ridley, Cranmer and Latimer who were later seen as heroes in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. She believed that by burning them, she was freeing their souls, saving them, so they could go to heaven. Also, Mary struggled to re-establish the Catholic faith as she was unable to restore monasteries and chantries and unable to restore land due to rested interests.
The Dutch Republic, where Locke spent time, had been founded as a secular state which would allow religious differences. This was a reaction to Catholic persecution of Protestants. Once the Calvinist Church gained power, however, they began persecuting other sects. In France, religious conflict had been temporarily quieted by the edict of Nantes. But in 1685, the year in which Locke wrote the First Letter concerning religious toleration, Louis XIV had revoked the Edict of Nantes, and the Huguenots were being persecuted and forced to emigrate on mass.
He chose the latter. In this way, Italians did not have divided loyalties . Therefore, Mussolini worked to get the Roman Catholic Church to accept a Fascist State while he planned to offer the Church what it wanted. To gain credibility with the Church, Mussolini had his children baptised in 1923. He also closed down many wine shops and nightclubs, and made swearing in public a crime.