Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules. Cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages. This is Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Electrons. What is the role of glycolysis?
Aldolase B is then converted into 2 products, DHAP and glyceraldehyde. These products can easily enter the glycolysis cycle to make ATP for our bodies. ATP is energy. A5. Role of Aldolase B The role of aldolase B is to help with the breakdown of fructose.
Two ATP molecules are gained in this stage. The transition stage takes place in the mitochondria. The pyruvate is combined with NAD+ to form NADH and acetyl coenzyme A molecules. In citric acid cycle stage the hydrogen atoms are removed from the acetyl coenzyme A molecules to use the electrons to create ATP. Eventually, all that is left of the acetyl coenzyme A molecules is carbon, which combines with the oxygen to from carbon dioxide that is emitted as a waste product.
2608T_ch19sm_S223-S237 02/22/2008 2:47 pm Page 223 pinnacle 111:WHQY028:Solutions Manual:Ch-19: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation chapter 19 2H 1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The NADH dehydrogenase complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain promotes the following series of oxidation-reduction reactions, in which Fe3 and Fe2 represent the iron in iron-sulfur centers, Q is ubiquinone, QH2 is ubiquinol, and E is the enzyme: (1) NADH 2 H E-FMN 88n NAD 2Fe 3 E-FMNH2 2Fe2 (2) E-FMNH2 (3) 2Fe 2H H 88n E-FMN 3 Q 88n 2Fe QH2 QH2 Sum: NADH Q 88n NAD For each of the three reactions catalyzed by the NADH dehydrogenase complex, identify (a) the electron donor, (b) the electron
Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? The energy in fuel is converted into ATP, most ATP is made within the mitochondria. ATP powers the cells within muscles. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products.
The Calvin cycle is anabolic, building carbohydrates from smaller molecules and consuming energy. Carbon enters the Calvin cycle in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugars. The cycle spends ATP as energy source and consumes NADPH as a reducing power for adding high energy. The Calvin cycle has 3 phases it undergoes while occurring phase 1 is the carbon fixation, the Calvin cycle incorporates each CO2 molecule one at a time by attaching to its five carbon sugar name RuBP carboxylase, or rubisco the product of this reaction is a six carbon intermediate so unstable that it immediately splits in half forming two molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate, the next phase is Reduction Each molecule receives an additional phosphate group from ATP, becoming 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate. Next a pair of electrons are donated from NADPH reduces 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate which also loses a phosphate group, becoming G3P.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning biotin. A. Intestinal biotinyl carboxylase cleaves biotin from biotin-containing proteins B. Biotinidase cleaves biocytin to yield biotin C. The first step in the intestinal digestion of biotin –containing proteins is the oxidation of the valeric side chain D. A and B E. B and C 8. Identify
The pyruvate is then transferred to the mitochondria where they are converted into acetyl-coenzyme A. at this point the acetyl-coenzyme A enters the Krebs Cycle where it forms a series of intermediates. These intermediates then provide electrons in order to reduce the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2 respectively. These electrons which are carried by NADH and FADH2 are then sent to the electron transport chain where they are eventually used to reduce O2 to H2O. The energy released from the electron transport chain is then used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The experiment performed follows the progression of the Krebs Cycle through the use of a dye called 2,6 dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP).
Anaerobic respiration is a process which happens inside the cells in when carbohydrates, such as those listed above, are broken down. When glucose is broken down into energy and is released so it can be used by the cells. Anaerobic respiration is when glucose is broken and the products generated from this are energy and either lactic acid or ethanol (alcohol) and CO2 (Anaerobic Respiration, 2011). How does this connect? Taste buds can recognize four basic kinds of tastes sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
Third, the substrate becomes activated through the enzyme-substrate complex, allowing the electrons and atoms to rearrange to form the product of the reaction. Fourth, the complex separates, releasing the product and enzyme independent of one another. Only the substrate is modified in the reaction, thus after being released enzymes may perform the same process. Each enzyme is specialized for a particular reaction, therefore many similar as well as different types of enzymes may be necessary for cell metabolism (McMurray, 1977). The four types of macromolecules that make up an organism’s diet are lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.