P5; The Trading Account; The trading account is an account that shows profits and losses for a business. There are three parts to the trading account, the first one is sales turnover and this is the money that is coming into the business by trading. The formula for sales turnover is quantity sold x the selling price. According to business alpha the sales turnover for this business is 3,057,000. The second component is the cost of sales which includes the costs directly linked to providing the trade.
Owners put in their money to make a profit this is why it is important for them to track the sum of money they may have made in an accounting period. Usually a supervisor’s standing is related with the success of the company. When a business is making money the amount of money a manager makes will usually increase and they may also get a promotion. Income statements are also used to check the revenues and expenses of the company which allows managers to reduce their unnecessary expenses to make more profit. These income statements are also useful for outside users such as investors, creditors and the government.
The first statement is the income statement. An income statement documents the income for a period of time. External users, such as investors and creditors utilize income statements as an indication of future performance-based on past income when deciding whether to invest in a company or the probability of loan repayment. Internal users, such as managers and owners may use the net income to verify sales goals or justify bonus payment. When preparing the income statement, the first entry is revenue.
Those financial statements are income statement, retained earnings statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement (Weygandt, 2008). The income statements show operations results of the revenues, expenses, net profit, or net loss for the accounting period. The information obtained from the retained earnings statement listing the revenue followed by the expenses is used to prepare it. The income statement reflects the organization’s success through its profits. The retained earnings statement reconciles the beginning and ending balances of the retained earnings.
Cash disbursements show where you must spend some of your money, such as on employee pay, raw materials purchases, and manufacturing overhead costs Financing shows expected payments and the repayments of the borrowed funds plus interest. (Kimmel, 2009, p. 353). If there is a cash deficiency during any period, the company will need to borrow funds. If there is cash excess during any budgeted period, funds borrowed in previous periods can be repaid or the excess funds can be invested. 2) Why is a Cash Budget so vital to a company?
The second ratio measures the effect of interest; it indicates the proportion of earnings before interest and tax that is retained after paying interest. It should be considered together with the leverage component (assets/equity). The third ratio measures the company’s operating profit on sales; it can be broken down into subcomponents such as gross profit margin. Common-sized income statements can help with
(5) So the distinction between hobby and business is important to determine the taxability of the profits earned from such activity. The nature of activity shows that it is a business. By classifying it as a business, you will be able to deduct the associated expenses on Schedule C. The IRS will make use of the “3 of 5” rule to determine if it is a hobby or a business i.e. if the business has made profits in three out of past five consecutive years. 2(d) Yes, it would be better as you can claim first year expense deduction for equipment purchased, claim expenses and deduct your business losses.
Debt to total assets, also known as simply debt ratio, is calculated by taking the total liabilities for the company divided by the total assets for the company; this information is found on the company’s balance sheet. This ratio determines the portion of debts a company has that are paid and financed through its debt. For Huffman Trucking the calculation would look like this for 2011: ($90,283+$71,365)/$267,265 = $161,648/$267,265 = 0.6048 or 60.48% (Huffman Trucking, 2013). Time interest earned, also known as interest coverage ratio, is calculated by taking the earnings before interest and tax and dividing it by interest expense; this information is found on the company’s income statement. This ratio determines the rate and ability in which the company is able to pay its debts off.
This week we learned that companies are required to prepare a statement of cash flows because it gives a more accurate snapshot of the actual cash flow of a company. Financial statements give an overall picture of how much revenue a company is reporting, but high revenue does not guarantee that the company has the ability to pay its bills. The statement of cash flows is a tool designed to help external users make sound economic decisions about the company. The statement of cash flows is divided into three sections: 1) operating activities, 2) investing activities, and financing activities. The operating activities section analyzes the company's flow of cash as it relates to a net loss or net income.
| Days sales in receivables=365 days/Receivables turnover | | The days’ sales in accounts receivable ratio, also known as the number of days of receivables, tells you the average number of days it takes to collect an account receivable. Since the days’ sales in accounts receivable is an average, you need to be careful when using it. | NWC turnover=Sales/(Currentassets-Current liabilities) | | The working capital turnover ratio measures how well a company is utilizing its working capital to support a given level of sales. | Fixed asset turnover=Sales/Net fixed assets | | Fixed asset turnover ratio compares the sales revenue a company to its fixed assets. This ratio tells us how effectively and efficiently a company is using its fixed assets to generate revenues.