Craniologists, eugenicists, phrenologists, and Social Darwinists, at every educational level, buttressed the belief that blacks were innately intellectually and culturally inferior to whites. Pro-segregation politicians gave eloquent speeches on the great danger of integration: the mongrelization of the white race. Newspaper and magazine writers routinely referred to blacks as niggers, coons, and darkies; and worse, their articles reinforced anti-black stereotypes” (Pilgrim). The system of Jim Crow was reinforced with racial viewpoints and stereotypes: “whites were superior to blacks in all important ways, including but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior; sexual relations between blacks and whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America; treating blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions; any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations; if necessary, violence must be used to keep blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy” (Pilgrim). “The Jim Crow laws and system of etiquette were
Limitations on Education Social stigmatism has an effect on the choices we make and the way we live our lives. For example, in the black community a high level of education, or speaking in a “white” fashion is something that people can get made fun of for. The high level of poverty in the African-American population in America isn’t solely due to social stigmatism, however. The choices each individual makes will also influence the outcome of their lives. To put it simply, there are two main type of effects on the poverty levels in the black community: structural and behavioral.
"Whether they gave political advice and support to the men in their families or communities or carried out more directly submerse activities, black women showed courage in the face of political violence (jim 33). Progressive Jim Crow was a civic reformr that would alleviate racial conflict and improve race relations. More white violence was unleashed was blacks gained more political leverage after they faced police brutality, acquired property and generated social and economic mobility. Whites were ensured by disfranchisement, that legal restrictions against blacks uninhibited by the need to show moderation toward people with no power to vote, which tightened the grip of the Jim Crow
There were many reasons that made the problem of “the color line” more and more definite. In Plessy v. Ferguson “the justices legalized racism by stating that separate spaces for different races were allowable by law as long as they were equal.” (Bowles, 2011) They were, however, anything but equal. The blacks had to endure sub-par schools, churches, hospitals and restaurants. This was a constant reminder that they were considered second class to the white citizen simply because of the color of their skin. Though the fifteenth amendment gave black males the right to vote a poll tax was introduced to eliminate the black vote.
Marxists would agree with this as they believe that due to the capitalist society we live in the rich get richer and the poor get poorer so therefore the poor woulg live in poverty during their lives. They also believe that this is true due to the difficulty of breaking out of poverty itself as even if the child is exremely clever the home values may to be just accept the situation and 'live for the moment' and due to primary socialisation they will do this and many believe the only way for them to not continue to experience poverty throughout their lives would be to educate and train children to compensate for their home values. New right also agree with this to an extent they believe that the 'underserving poor' which does involve children as they have no say into what type of family they are born into, remain in poverty for the duration of their lives as they learn through the culture of poverty to live for the moment and through socialisation depend on state provision and creates 'welfare dependancy' which they will carry on during the course of their lives. However, other sociologists do not agree with this as functionalists would argue we live in a meritocratic society in which it does not matter if you are poor or working class if you put in the effort you will be rewarded. For
How? | Child labor | Unions pioneered the fight and finally the AFL stepped in. | Yes, child labor laws such as the National Industry Recovery Act served to reduce child labor. | Here in America, this is not an issue; however, in some poverty stricken countries children are still forced to supply work due to lack of workers and such heavy workloads. | Urbanization | The Social Gospel Movement was designed to help the poorest city folk of society which lead to settlement houses and eventually; the Hull House.
It’s easy to study these subjects time and time again and become numb to the fact that real people had to suffer through such conditions. We should all remember to use our full range of empathetic emotions when studying and thinking of anyone who has been through racist oppression such as slavery or segregation. Secondly, I think Margaret commends African Americans as she rightly should for being able to hold on to the important cultural and spiritual gifts from old. As we know, African Americans have battled through a history of rough racial prejudice and harsh times. But just how did this begin?
However working class children were put into work houses or in agriculture to help support the low incomes of families’ economic struggles. This, in accordance to Aries, tells us that children were seen more as a financial asset than a symbol of peoples love for one another. This can be supported by looking how families in pre-industrial had larger families because of reasons of needing a better overall family income but also because life expectancy was dramatically lower than it in modern day terms. One thing in common that both sets of children shared in this society was strict control by parents/ adult authoritive figures and severe punishment for defiance. It was only in late industrialisation when significance change occurred, people began campaigning for child rights, something that had never happened until this point.
The text also gives examples on how the upper class used, “The poorer tenants [who had] something valuable of their own which by law, [was] liable to distress and [to] help to pay their landlord’s rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money unknown” (2). The Irish children were used as a commodity; in this case by selling their children to their landlords as food. This approach is still present in the world today and how dominant countries like the United States can buyout other countries for their own benefit. Given such evidence, the economic and social struggles of the lower class can undoubtedly be seen in most parts of the essay. Not only is the Marxist theory fundamental, the reader-response criticism is also essential to the text.
In “What is Poverty?” Theodore Dalrymple argues that poverty has been redefined. In traditional poverty, poor people’s income levels are low, they are starving, or the medical care is not enough. However, this kind of poverty does not exist in industrial countries like England because of the welfare state. The welfare state redistributes wealth, provides free medical care and free houses for the poor. According to the author, this causes moral poverty.