Pre-Colonial Nigerian South

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PRE-COLONIAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA. Introduction Before the advent of colonialism, the entity today called Nigeria was inhibited by diverse groups who lived in an independent, well organized and coordinated manner. These groups had their socio-economic and political institutions that determined or dictated the ways of their interrelationships as well as interdependence. The principle of reciprocity that existed among these culturally differentiated people depicted the uniqueness of their settlement. However, when the wind of colonialism began to blow with the annexation of Lagos by the British which forced the then king of Lagos, called Dosunmu to sign a treaty of cession in 1861 altered the socio-political structure of these people later called Nigerians. It therefore follows that the era prior to 1861 could be regarded as the pre-colonial period (Maliki, 2008). During the pre-colonial era, Nigeria was not known as a country but there were people living in an organized form. The pre-colonial southern Nigeria consists three geo-political zones today---southwest, southeast and the south- south. In this paper therefore, pre-colonial southern Nigeria refers to these three zones. Prior to colonialism, there were many known political institutions that are either centralized or non-centralized in the southern part of today’s Nigeria. For instance, there was the large and famous Oyo Empire, Benin kingdom as well as small kingdoms like Kalabari, Itsekiri, Urohobo, and Onitsha among others which were centralized as well. At another level, there was non centralized or what could be called acephalous societies. For example, the Igbo who constitute one of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria today had or practiced a direct form of democracy which was referred to as village assembly or village democracy. Despite the differences in the political arrangements of
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