Williams. [1] His controversial and groundbreaking thesis ‘Capitalism and Slavery’ was widely acclaimed amongst scholars and made the traditional, Whig analysis of the British slave trade and its abolition near impossible to consider. [2] Although thorough study of his work has shown cracks in the credibility of his argument, his style of thinking was, with no doubt, revolutionary and exposed an alternate method of analysing abolition, which was through the needs of the economy. He highlighted that European slaves were being used widely before Caribbean slaves, and the reasoned why the Caribbean was chosen, for the geographical and economic benefits of colonising the Caribbean for sugar slavery (rather than it being a racially motivated decision). He did not deny the presence of racial prejudice in the sugar slave trade, but he said that that racism was a product of slavery, not a reason for it.
The reduction by 56 of Rotten and Pocket boroughs meant that significant amounts of Tory voters were lost therefore benefitting the Whigs all the more and increasing Whig popularity, this supplied Whig’s with the confidence to make more reforms, The reforms were subtle yet they carried an air of optimism and granted the working class people the chance to anticipate further future reforms. Before the act was passed the vote was spread unevenly over the country, certain constituencies were granted the vote for absurd reasons that followed old medieval tradition. Examples of these were the Pot Walloped tradition that entitled anyone that had a fireplace big enough to hang a pot was approved the right to vote. Also, Scot and Lot boroughs meant that everyone within the borough had the right to vote. These anachronisms meant that the vote was an unbalanced system that was in dia need of reform.
How Liberal were the policies of the Tory party from 1822-1830? Some historians have argued that Liverpool’s government was very reactionary and made very few reforms. But they don’t consider, in particular, Liverpool’s alterations to the prison system and the Combination Acts, having said that the absence of a Liberal party makes it difficult to really characterise the policies introduced by the government in the context of the era. Our judgement is made more difficult by the conflicting motivations of some of the reforms, for example the passing of Catholic penal laws may’ve been liberal in effect but the motivation behind it was very much conservative. So I would have to say that the policies were mostly Tory throughout this period although as I’ve said, there are a number of mitigating factors which could hinder this judgement.
The rise of the Labour party was a crucial factor for the drive of reform for the Liberal party. The new Labour Party promised social reform and the Liberals were worried about losing votes. Reform could therefore be seen as a rather selfish, political advantageous response to political change. Since 1884, most working class men had the vote and the Liberals wanted to attract those votes. So therefore it was for their own political advantage of the Liberal government to offer social reform, even if they did not fully believe in the principle of government intervention in people’s everyday lives.
Both Disraeli’s second ministry and Gladstone’s government from 1868 to 1874 do share similarities, that they both had a relaxed ‘laissez-faire’ approach towards government’s intervention. Much of Disraeli’s legislation was adoptive, rather than compulsory. It facilitated change and improvement, rather than insisting on it. So this seems that his government was less motivated to actually improving the conditions of the working class in Britain. Whereas Gladstone’s ministry was more energetic.
Another successful act passed involving Ireland was the ‘Irish Land Act 1870’ Tenants were now given compensation for eviction and there were limitations of landlord power, it was a step to improving Ireland, even though it was not as successful as the previous act, and had more opposition as Irish nationalists wanted British landlords to leave Ireland completely. Gladstone was the first British politician to tackle the unfair way in which Ireland was run, showing his dedication, motivating his successes. In addition to the points above, Gladstone’s First Ministry was also successful in its removal of unjustified privileges. An example of this is the ‘Civil Service Act 1870’, Gladstone hated wastage and inefficiency, therefore to
However, it lasted for eight years, until World War Two stopped the depression. Since the Second World War ended the depression the recovery part of the New Deal did not contribute in helping the country as it was intended too, but rather improving the state of the country. I think that the New deal was definitely successful when it focussed on Reform e.g. The blue eagle badge, the NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which attempted to stabilize prices and wages through cooperative "code authorities" involving government, business, and labour. The NRA allowed business to create a multitude of regulations imposing the pricing and production standards for all sorts of goods and services.
This statement is mostly false. Despite having liberal measures within trade and finance policies, the Tory government introduced a series of reforms that had a liberal outlook on them. By 1820, juries were becoming more reluctant to condemn criminals for petty crimes to death. Within Peel’s reforms, he abolished 180 capital offences within 1823 to 1828. His prison reforms also saw a new liberal approach.
Likewise, England also tightened its control on the colonies’ economy. Beginning around early 1700s, England embraced an economic theory known as mercantilism, a policy in which the colonies served to benefit the British empire. Although there were already some limitations, such as the Navigation Laws and Molasses Act, placed on the colonies before 1763, they were only loosely enforced during this period of salutary neglect. However, this soon came to an end with the British victory in the French and Indian War as Britain concluded that the colonies should aid in paying off the empire’s debt for half of it incurred from defending the colonists. Consequently, England began imposing taxes in the colonies.
Max’s father takes him to an old woman’s home, where they are intruders, and then to the filthy basement of a burned-out building. The conclusion is clear: in the world of Freak the Mighty, most homes are symbols of the torn and crippled families that live in them. The larger social settings, such as the school, town, or hospital, are not always as depressing, but they are just as threatening and violent. Max never knows when a gang of thugs will threaten him or when an entire school classroom will start making fun of him. Here too the novel gives clear messages through its settings: communities are not always welcoming, and they will violently reject you if you are different.