Plant and Animal cells Introduction: Cells can be all shapes and sizes; they form the basic structure of the plant or animal. Cells also help living things stay alive, and each organelle in the cell has its own function. There are two main types of cells: Eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus), and Prokaryotic cells (cells without a nucleus). The aim of this report is to explain cell theory, to compare and contrast animal and plant cells. I will also include comparisons of the organelles to a factory to help better understand the works of a cell.
( Jones et al, 2014 ) A cell can be divided into two types of cell, animal cell and plant cell. A plant cell is usually bigger than animal cell. Both cells have similarities such as having nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. These are all the common features present in both the animal and plant cell. However, a unique structure that plant cells have is cell wall, large central vacuole and chloroplasts which are absent in animal cells.
Introduction All cells have plasma membranes which are selectively permeable meaning only some materials are able to move across it either to enter or exit the cell. The ability of a molecule to cross the plasma membrane depends on its size, hydrophobicity and charge as well as the relative concentration inside and outside of that cell (Biology Department, 2010). When molecules move from high concentration to low concentration it is called diffusion. More specifically when water diffuses across a cell membrane it is called osmosis. If the concentration of water in a cell is lower than the concentration of water in the solute the solution is said to be hypotonic and the cells swell because they will take up water.
And it also has many other important roles in cells like controlling the cell cycle and cell growth, signaling, cellular differentiation and cell death. The mitochondrion is different from other organelles in the cell. It does carry its own circular DNA. They are able self-replicate. It is also free of a nuclear envelope, and the DNA is not packed into chromatin.
The nucleus controls the function of the cell and what takes place in it. All cells need this for control. Both plant and animal cells have a cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is what fills up the cell
Red blood cells and proteins are too big to fit through the pores within the filtration system of the capsule. This means that everything else is filtered out into the capsule as well as the wastes. - Reabsorption is the process that allows the blood to regain the good molecules such as salts, glucose and vitamins in controlled amounts. - Both of these processes combine to clean the blood and regulate body fluid composition. 3.7 Outline the role of the hormones, aldosterone and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) in the regulation of water and salt levels in
Compare and contrast the ways that cows and rabbits extract energy from diets consisting largely of cellulose; relate this to the structure of each animal’s digestive tract. (Hint: first you must explain why cellulose is a problem.) In comparison, both cows and rabbits are herbivores and eat mainly plants. Plant sell walls are made of cellulose, which are composed of glucose monomers that aren't useful unless broken down into glucose (sugars) to be used for energy. But herbivores need something to break down glucose.
Cholesterol also makes the membrane less fluid by restraining the movement of phospholipids and lowers the temperature required to solidify the membrane. Complete depletion of cholesterol and sphingolipids results in cell death as their presence allows permeability to small molecules such as ions, glucose, and water. How does temperature affect lipid membrane? A membrane remains fluid as the temperature decreases, until it solidifies once it hits a critical temperature. The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on its fatty acid composition.
In mammals this forms a circulatory system of arteries, capillaries and veins. In flowering plants, transport is not circulatory and occurs in microscopic xylem and phloem. Both transport systems use water as the basis for transport since it is a good solvent, has a high specific heat capacity, is not too viscous and is unreactive (inert). Both animals and plants have more than one type of tissue which is specialised to make transport an efficient process. The vessels and tracheids in xylem are made up of dead, lignified cells.
Due to its ability to dissolve so many molecules, water is an important transport medium in animals and plants. Water molecules are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds and this restricts the movement of the molecules. This means that a relatively large amount of energy is required to increase the temperature of water (it has a high specific heat capacity) and that large bodies of water are slow to change temperature, lakes and oceans for example. Due to their high water content, the bodies of organisms are also slow to change temperature and this makes maintaining a stable body temperature easier. Water also requires a relatively high amount of energy to become a gas and this can be used as an effective means of cooling the body by sweating and panting.