Subculture theories is a theory where individuals have the same interests, problems and concerns which will form a subculture. Deviance in terms of the subculture of a social group arguing that certain groups develop norms and values which are to some extent different from those held by other members of society. There are a number of sociological theories. Functionalist see shared norms and values as the basis of social order and social solidarity. they consider crime and deviance, ahead of a certain level to be dysfunctional to society, as it is seen as threat to social order.
It is important to note that if children feel that they are being manipulated or controlled by the rewards, their behavior will likely not change effectively. Indeed, as explained by the over-justification effect, punishments and rewards are not effective if children only behave well in order to get a reward or avoid a punishment. Rather than using rewards and punishments, a more effective method is to use authentic activities; activities that are similar to situations students are likely to experience in the real world. The book suggests that if educators used more authentic activities, students would be more likely to create a productive knowledge base and use that knowledge later on in their
Level 3 which was the peak of Kohlberg’s moral maturity were made up of the social contract orientation in stages 5 wherein the individual sees the law as being flexible instruments for furthering human purposes and the universal ethical principle in stages 6 wherein people no longer talk about doing the right thing with regard to what they think is right to society, but what is right in the face of norms and ethics. In level 3 the individual moved beyond unquestioning support to their own societal rules and laws, to a well-defined morality in terms of abstract principles and values that stand same for all
The study showed that parental mediation is important for children to learn pro-social behaviour because they help the children to understand the moral message behind the pro-social programmes which allow and made the children more pro-social in their actions and behaviours. On the other hand, there are
Moral judgment is the ability to evaluate the righteousness of a hypothetical action while moral behavior refers to one’s ability to act moral in actual situations. (Muuss, 176) The reason this distinction is necessary is that Kohlberg’s works and the study done for this paper revolves specifically around the observation of moral judgment. Jean Piaget first developed a theory that moral judgment was created by two stages through his studying of children’s cognitive thinking. This work would be a foundation upon which Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, developed a theory that moral judgment could be subdivided into six identifiable stages of moral reasoning with three different levels. Kohlberg developed this theory from interviews with groups of young children and their responses to “moral stories”, which were then coded into Kohlberg’s stages.
In fact, it is true that human behavioral norms are established in groups and can influence more people over a time. Stuart Hall, a cultural theorist, states “belonging is a tricky concept, requiring both identification and recognition.” Indeed, people have the feeling of belonging to a group or being valued through recognition by others. In this case, people start to imitate each other and become someone else rather than being himself or herself. In people’s mind, imitation is an important step in which people can improve their social approval. For example, as a child, I noticed that people tended to want to be friends with the “cool kids”.
Social Bond Theory (formerly known as Social Control Theory) is the belief that the self control of an individual can be built by manipulating the processes of socialization and social learning. It is also thought to help decrease the urge to engage in antisocial behavior. The theory proposes that people are influenced not to participate in criminal activities based upon their relationships with others, beliefs, commitments, values and social norms. The four basic elements of social bond theory are attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional versus deviant or criminal activities, and lastly the common value system within an individual’s society or subgroup. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an individual holds in society.
The state never the less has a role to play in upholding the core values & morals of a society. A Liberal approach to the criminal justice system argues that the state is not neutral, but reflects the diverse & competing interests that are evident within the community. The state & it’s institutions will respond to the pressure generated by different groups. The role of the state is to deal with the social problems as they arise, & to ensure the regulation of social competition & conflict.There is a developmental role for the state in providing for the basic welfare & educational opportunities of it’s
Behavior being the objective displays of behavior that we can see and measure from the outside. What cannot be measured from the outside, but is vital to our understanding of human behavior, is the human experience. In the science of persons, behavior is a "function of experience". Alienation from experience is a result of society's attempts to normalize the human experience. Our intentions, feelings, and imaginations are stripped down and mystified to being products of our upbringing, no longer coming from within, but controlled from the outside.
This theory was first developed by Abraham Maslow. He described that self-actualizing people share such things like awareness and acceptance of themselves and lean towards spontaneity and openness and are very positive people in general. Maslow believed that the highest personal need was that of self-actualization. Later, Carl Rogers introduced conditions of worth where in the effort to gain positive regard from others, people will deny their true selves to meet expectations. An advantage of this theory is that it drives parents to encourage their children at a young age to build up a large self-esteem; their sense of self-worth.