1] succinctly summarizes the de-skilling hypothesis for the Industrial Revolution: new technology brought about “a substitution of mechanical devices for human skills” and “inanimate power—in particular, steam—took the place of human and animal strength.” By several measures, ordinary factory workers were unskilled. Compared to workers in craft and professional occupations, factory workers earned lower wages. Also, factory jobs did not require formal education, training periods were brief, factory work was monotonous and factory workers lacked both social status and market power. Thus a wide body of evidence supports deskilling as a description of the change in the nature of the labor supply. But the de-skilling hypothesis is also about technology.
Using the material from item A and elsewhere assess the contribution of functionalism to our understanding of families and households. Functionalists have a structural approach and believe that our behaviour is determined by society. It is based on a shared value consensus; this is where a set of social norms and functions are followed to meet goals and aims. Functionalists also believe that the family is the key essential part of all society. Functionalism is a Macro theory this means it is a large scale theory which has a broad array of information.
The view that industrialization led to the decline of the extended family and the rise of the nuclear family is seen to be a functionalist view because this focuses mostly on the social structure and what effects it has to parts of the society, but not directly the people within it. The extended family fits the needs of the pre-industrial society because the extended family consists of extended kin networks who aided each other in mostly agricultural labor with the rest of the family. The nuclear family on the other hand benefits from industrialization because physical labor is not necessarily needed because people would rely on machinery to do things that the extended family would do by hand, therefore meaning that extra family members are not required to live together to get work done. On one hand, you could say that industrialization did not lead to the decline of the extended family and revive the nuclear family. For example, the sociologist Peter Laslett had explored the myth that the family was normal in pre-industrial Britain.
Between 1945-1968 the occupational structure is different from that in 1968-2012. People don’t get ahead in their class structures so easily. This connects with the Utchille chapter on the Steady Job decrease, Zweig shows now it’s a decrease in downward mobility. All you have to do is work hard to come up (American Dream) is the myth behind upward mobility. However it doesn’t guarantee a jump in the upper social class.
The industrial also encouraged a huge migration within countries. Families were moving from the countryside to the city for better opportunities. The industrial revolution produced new social classes. Now people were not both rich and part of the aristocrats lifestyle or extremely poor. The classes were more spread out and
The entire family has also been invited to participate in all the sessions. Time was spent in regards to focusing on relationships as Minuchin (1974, p. 56) points out that the techniques of the structural model address the underlying patterns of people’s interactions. Special attention was paid to the family’s transactional patterns, as I the clinician, was searching for clues in regards to the family’s structure, the permeability of the family’s subsystem boundaries, and the existence of alignments or coalitions. Structural changes will need to occur within the family in order to reduced or alleviate Trey’s
Governments may choose to increase minimum wage on an arbitrary basis, making it difficult for companies to hire individuals at a consistent market rate. Government price controls distort the economic theory of supply and demand. Supply and demand is a significant underlying feature of free-market economies. This theory allows individuals and businesses to make decisions based on self-interest. Businesses often pay individuals a wage based on current market standards.
They struggle for stature, growth, and fair wages within their jobs. There are many cultures where men are the main sources of income while the women only attended to household chores and children. Not that long ago americans raised their families in the same manner. With the changing of generations, came the changes in who american’s reared their families. If we take a step back in time (roughly 60 years ago) families worked hard, and tended to the home as though it were a job as well.
According to Durkheim, one of the main functions of education is to develop these similarities to bind members of society together. Durkheim sees a common history as vital for uniting members of society. With a shared history, people feel part of a wider social group – it is their country, made up of people like themselves. In this way, education contributes to the development of social solidarity. Industrial society has a specialised division of labour – people have specialised jobs with specific skill and knowledge requirements.
One of the major factors contributing to the change of marriage in the United States is the economy. The transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy definitely impacted the formation of the family forever, especially for African Americans. As our economy changed so did gender roles; which is another agent in family formation. Though women didn’t enter the workforce in vast numbers until 1970 or so (Hattery-Smith, p. 46), they have caught up and even passed their male counterparts in the African American community, causing conflict between the normality’s of American life and their own realties. Gender role differences aren’t the only reason African American men are being surpassed by their female counterparts in earnings, but because of incarceration rates.