The human heart pumps blood through the arteries, which connect to smaller arterioles and then smaller capillaries. In this assignment, we will discuss the arterial blood pressure from several aspects, include definition, normal values for blood pressure, the most important factors affecting it, the mechanism involved in arterial blood pressure regulation, and the relevance between the pressure and the eye. Definition of blood pressure, it’s Normal value, and the factors that determine arterial blood pressure under physiologic conditions. Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels . This pressure produces when the heart contracts during the heartbeat cycle, which forces blood out
Someone with a systolic pressure of 120 and a diastolic pressure of 80 has a blood pressure of 120/80, or “120 over 80.” * The systolic number shows how hard the blood pressure pushes when the heart is pumping. * The diastolic number shows how hard the blood pushes between heartbeats when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood. High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher. Adults should have a blood pressure of less than 120/80. Many people fall into the category in between, called prehypertension.
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles and cavities of the brain. This usually results in increased intracranial pressure. Increased intracranial pressure might result in the progressive enlargement of the head (a characteristic feature of this disease), seizures, mental disability, tunnel vision and even death. Ventricular system CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which is located within the ventricular system at a rate of about 0.25 mL/min. CSF capacity of the lateral and third ventricles in a healthy person is 20 mL.
Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world (Solinas et al, 2002). Caffeine has been known to have many side effects on hour external behavior and our internal physiological behavior. We use caffeine in our lives to sometimes stay awake to study or just get through the day. Caffeine decreases the blood flow to the brain by constricting the blood vessels but can also increase blood flow after continuous intake that may cause headaches (Kalat, 2004). Caffeine has a tendency to block adenosine (A1-, A2A-, A2B-, A3), which increases throughout the day to allow us to sleep and then decreases as we sleep which allows us to wake.
c. Is your example in part 1a an example of autoregulation or extrinsic regulation? Why? It is an example of extrinsic regulation because the heart’s beating faster was a response to the nervous system, which sensed the change in blood pressure and acted accordingly. 2a. After reading pages 12-15 of your textbook, please describe how a receptor, control center, and effector differ from one another.
Systolic pressure is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart beats. It is represented by the top number in a blood pressure reading on the blood pressure machine. To be considered high blood pressure the reading will be 140 or higher for systolic pressure. Diastolic pressure is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart relaxes between beats. It is represented as bottom number in a blood pressure reading.
This pain may become worse within minutes after eating or drinking, especially high fat foods. It may become constant and more severe, lasting for several days and may worsen when lying flat. The client with acute pancreatitis may appear ill with fever, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Treatment often requires a stay in the hospital and may involve pain medication, IV Fluids, maintaining NPO status, to limit the activity of the pancreas and on occasion an NG tube to remove stomach contents. In some cases gallstones may be removed to relieve blockage of the pancreatic duct.
Factors that Affect Endocrine Function Everyone's body undergoes changes, some natural and some not, that can affect the way the endocrine system works. Some of the factors that affect endocrine organs include aging, certain diseases and conditions, stress, the environment, and genetics. Aging Despite age-related changes, the endocrine system functions well in most older people. However, some changes occur because of damage to cells during the aging process and genetically programmed cellular changes. These changes may alter the following: ›hormone production and secretion ›hormone metabolism (how quickly hormones are broken down and leave the body) ›hormone levels circulating in blood ›target cell or target tissue response to hormones ›rhythms in the body, such as the menstrual cycle For example, increasing age is thought to be related to the development of type 2 diabetes, especially in people who might be at risk for this disorder.
As it pertains to the parasympathetic nervous system, the SA node provides the control of the heart’s rate in distress through the release of acetylcholine. If the heart should begin to infarct in the right side of the heart, the
Atrial Fibrilation is described by Mayo Clinic as “an irregular and often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow to the body.” “During atrial fibrillation, the heart's two upper chambers (the atria) beat chaotically and irregularly — out of coordination with the two lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart. Atrial fibrillation symptoms often include heart palpitations, shortness of breath and weakness. Episodes of atrial fibrillation can come and go, or you may develop atrial fibrillation that doesn't go away and may require treatment. Although atrial fibrillation itself usually isn't life-threatening, it is a serious medical condition that sometimes requires emergency treatment. It can lead to complications.