The theory of classical conditioning was introduced near the turn of the nineteenth century (1900) by Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Pavlov’s experiment was originally intended to study the physiology of salivation, however it turned out that his experiments led him to the discovery of conditioned reflexes. Pavlov’s experiments involved measuring stomach secretions in dogs as they were introduced to food, meat, meat powder, etc. As Pavlov progressed through his experiments he noticed that the dogs had began to salivate upon seeing the food. Then Pavlov began to notice that the dogs began to salivate when he saw an empty plate, or when he saw the experimenter; the dogs even salivated at the sound of the foot steps from the experimenter as they were about to enter the room.
Classical conditioning: this theory was established by a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). This theory is the process of reflex learning. Pavlov worked with dogs to investigate the condition and he attached monitors to the mouths and stomachs of dogs to measure the rate of salivation. Since food automatically caused salivation Pavlov called this an unconditional stimulus. After that Pavlov used bell as neutral stimulus and he starts ringing the bell at the same time
This theory works through stimuli and responses. Psychologists also use Observational Learning when analysing the causes behind phobias. This essay will explain the differences between both these learning theories then go on to discuss whether or not either of them can explain phobias about snakes or creepy crawlies. Behaviourism is plays a major role in the school of thought within psychology. It believes that learning occurs through interaction with the environment and that it is the environment that shapes behaviour instead of through thoughts, feelings and emotions.
Classical conditioning occurs when a new stimulus becomes capable of evoking a given response when that new stimulus is presented together with a stimulus that already evokes that response. How this occurred with Pavlov’s dogs is that when Pavlov or his assistants (dressed in white coats), would place food in front of the dogs, they would start salivating. What started to happen was that the dogs would begin to
Describe and evaluate psychological research relating to conformity In this assignment we will be looking at the social approach to psychology relating to conformity. We will be evaluating and researching into several different studies, Sherif (1935), Solomon Asch 1907) and Moscovici (1960) and how and why all individuals conform. Looking at the different experiments and how the ethical standards of psychology would not permit the following studies to be conducted today. The Dictionary of Psychology defines conformity as generally allowing one persons opinions or views to be affected by prevailing opinions, actions, attitudes and perception of others. Also conformity is defined as the need and desire to go along with others either alone or in a group.
This observation lead Pavlov on to the belief that the dog learnt that at the sight of a stimulus it meant food, therefore it had “learnt” Dogs would normally salivate at the smell of food this is known as “unconditioned reflex” continuing with his experiments he found that by using other stimulus in this case a bell he could condition the dog to salivate on its sound even to the extent of the dog salivating at the sound of the bell though there was no food, “Classical Conditioning”. The bell known as the “unconditioned stimulus” and the dog salivating to its sound lead Pavlov on to label this response; “condition response”. Out of Pavlov theory grew the understanding
He studied the salivation in dogs and concluded that a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus to a dog and make it salivate, when it is paired with food. For example, when giving food to a dog, it starts salivating. When making a tone with a bell everytime before giving food to the dog, the salivation starts with the bell-ringing. The final part of this experiment is the observation of salivation, only at the bell-ringing, even when no food follows. This is in principle a learning effect.
It was around the turn of the century and Pavlov had been studying the process of digestion. He noticed that when a hungry dog got the smell or sight of food that it would began to salivate. He then changed his motive from digestion to how the dog anticipated the food before the food was presented, so he decided to make an experiment out of it. When he first began his experiments he got a tuning fork and meat powder to get the dog to salivate. First he would ring the tuning fork then directly after put the meat powder on the dog’s tongue.
There will also be more organic or biological processes looked at such as cognitive processes. Behaviourism is a strands of theory generally derived by two people Pavlov and his earlier writings on conditioned reflexes and Skinner who’s work consisted of operant conditioning (Hogg, A. Vaughan, C:2005 p21). One of Pavlov’s most famous theories is the experiment dogs involving their saliva production around the time of feeding, this is conditioning at it’s most basic level, as it involves dogs not humans results can have their limitations. However, he found that the dogs started to produce saliva at feeding time, which he called an unconditioned response. But, he also noticed that when the person who usually fed them was present they started to produce saliva.
Classical Conditioning( Classical conditioning is a form of learning that incorporates the body's natural physical response to stimuli. This is learning by association. A Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov, studied salivation in dogs as part of