2) BRAIN DAMAGED STUDIES tells us that certain areas of the brain are used when components of working model are getting used so this tells us that tasks need different parts of the brain so they are really separate systems at work this can be seen by MRI scans. 3) Baddley and hitch: as the working model tells us that if were trying to do two tasks at once they need the same system to do it in the working model then our performance will suffer but if using different parts of the working model then it may work. The weaknesses of the working model 1) Central executive has little support. Most of the
Participants were then asked to name the ink color and their response times for each list were measured in seconds. The results showed that the stroop effect interference extended to color-related words, providing further evidence for the interference and costs of the automatic processes of attention.8/8 Introduction Although we are able to sense a huge amount of information, not all of it is processed. Through a process of selection known as attention, only some pieces of information are selected for further processing by cognitive resources. The reason why we need to reduce incoming information may be due to a limited capacity to process information. Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) explains it in the limited capacity theory of attention.
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
Baddeley and Hitch developed a multi-store model of the short term memory called the working memory model. The model consists of three components which make up the short term memory. The central executive is a key feature of the whole store as it allocates the information to the two “slave systems” which are the visuospatial spatial sketchpad and the articulatory - phonological loop. The VSS stores visual and spatial information. Mental and visual images are an example.
Chunking is where we add smaller pieces of information together to make larger ‘chunks’ to make things easier to remember, for example telephone numbers or vehicle registration plates. Once the short term memory is full, any incoming information displaces the
First, the person would objectify the items within a list and place them around a familiar environment. Then, to recall the list in order, the person would imagine navigating the environment along the same path that he or she travelled while placing down the items of the list (Yates, 1966). While the Method of Loci has not been shown to be a better mnemonic then other methods (e.g. peg method), previous studies have shown that is significantly better than rote repetition or imagery, where words items are objectified and sometimes linked to other words within the same list
This study demonstrated how dramatic events could cause a physiological imprinting of a memory of the event and that emotional events will be remembered more than non-emotional events. This study provides evidence to support anecdotal and personal experiences of flashbulb memories. However, only students were used, therefore reducing its potential in generalization. Also, the researchers only relied upon
Firstly, memory can be divided into two sections; into short – term store (STS) and long – term store (LTS). Focusing on the LTS, it consist of two categories also, procedural or implicit memory) and declarative memory or explicit memory (McDougall, 1923). Procedural memory refers to the skills we can perform without being aware of how exactly we carry them out, such as combing our hair or playing the piano. It could also be described as a type of unconscious memory (Schacter, 1987). Declarative memory on the other hand, refers to the
Baddeley and Hitch used the term 'working memory' to refer to the part of the memory that is active or working. This could be as simple as playing a game, calculating sums or reading a sentence all of which are collecting data to be stored. The working memory model consists of three parts; these are the central executive, phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad. The central executive controls attention and draws on the other two systems known as the 'slave systems'. The central executive has a limited capacity; in other words it cannot attend to too many things at once.
Cognitive psychology mid-topic test * 1. Outline the multi-store model of memory. (4) 2. Explain what is meant by elaborative rehearsal. (2) 3.