To achieve a successful negotiation, both parties should have a shared understanding first, and cooperate with each other to reach a mutual goal (Putnis &Petelin, 2001). Negotiation is more than a bargain; it is a kind of art of communication to result in a mutual benefit by processing an agreement with each other (Donohue & Ramesh, 1992). Consequently, negotiations are likely to proceed more smoothly if the negotiators have a shared principle. It involves the ability of understanding both parties¡¯ demand as well as their negotiating characters that is closely related to their background, so that a proper orientation can be made. Studies have suggested that people from different cultures use different negotiation styles, because their awareness of the decision-making situation are influenced by the features of the national culture from which they come (Chang, 2002).
These two theories can complement each other instead of compete as alternatives. Content theories deal with “the what” of motivation. They try to explain the forces which drive human behavior by fulfilling physiological and personal needs. They look at deficiencies because of the belief that if the need is met, people will not be further motivated to meet that need. Physiological needs include basics such as food, safety, and affiliation.
Because of possible analyst interest, sales measurement is of critical importance. Ethical reporting choices are critical, given the possibility for increased scrutiny in the future; sudden changes in accounting policy at a later date may not be viewed with favor by analysts. Reporting objectives are meant to support a public offering. Issues 1. Loyalty points program 2.
You would also need to identify whether it was focussed or narrowly based. Having identified the bases of its competitive strategy it is then necessary to evaluate it. This can be done by looking at the advantages and disadvantages of its generic strategy. These must then be assessed in light of the level of sustainability which will involve looking at the underpinning of competitive advantage against people, organisation and technology, as well as against its rivals through for example benchmarking. Clearly,
Social Exchange theory states that all social behaviour is a series of exchanges from which individuals attempt to maximise rewards and minimise costs, i.e. make a profit. For relationships, rewards include being cared for and sex. Costs include wasted time and effort. If a relationship is to be maintained, rewards must outweigh the costs.
Indeed, the project of trying to figure out what makes a human life good has implications for how we should treat those whose lives are different from our own. More specifically, if we engage in this ongoing project, we will discover some very good reasons for approaching difference with a tolerant attitude. The Quest for Human Value
However, ultimately, the humanistic psychological approach is one of personal perception, with the goal to fulfill one’s potential, and in doing so, change or control one’s behavior outside of previous concrete boundaries. However, the ability to do so, is reliant in the ability of one to trust oneself, and carry a health self-perception, as well as a healthy perception of the world and those around them. There are in the humanistic psychological approach, two main approaches in practice and treatment, person-centered by Carl Rogers, and self-actualization by Abraham Maslow. Both are strategically different, but both applicable in differing situations. Person-centered application of the humanistic approach focuses on experience, and how experience modified behavior, and that the failure to behave
Should accounting numbers be measured on historical costs or market value? Accounting numbers measured on either historical costs or market value will influence the decision making in management and investment, and lead to the results in economic activity. Standard setters have long debated between historical costs or market value because of the reliability versus relevance issues. From the conservatism and reliability perspective, accounting numbers should be measured on historical costs because the numbers is reasonably free from bias and error. The reason is the information support by independent documentary evidence.
5 March 2012 Word Count = 1,147 Ethical Situationalism Versus Ethical Relativism Ethical situationalism is preferable to ethical relativism. I argue this theory as one that should be more apt for collective endorsement over ethical relativism. First it is necessary to identify each theory carefully and compare them, targeting their specific strengths in relation to my position. Then I will divide these theories by illustrating some of the faults of both and will establish support for each premise. Finally I will briefly reiterate my argument for ethical situationalism as it is a part of moderate objectivism as suggested by Louis Pojman.
So the whole equation should be concluded as Client Benefits – Client Cost(excludes price) = Value offered- Value Gap = Value Perceived – Customer Incentive to Purchase = Price. The process of developing buyer-seller relationship is a process to increase CIP. Interpersonal Relationship As McCall (1966) points out: Marriage is a restrictive trade agreement. The marriage is a restrictive trade agreement. The two individuals agree to exchange only with one another, at least until such time as the balance of trade becomes unfavorable in terms of broader market considerations.