This supports that the unconscious semantic processing of words on an unattended channel was intruding upon a task of naming ink colours. Introduction Theories suggest that attentional processes operate on an unconscious and automatic level. Schneider and Shiffrin (1977, as cited in Edgar, 2007) believed that some mental process cannot be consciously controlled and used the term automatic processes to describe this. They termed the mental process whereby we exert conscious control; controlled processes. [these require focused attention?]
Discuss the roles of “nature” and “nurture” with regard to the interpretation and evaluation of sensory data. We have no choice but to trust in the accuracy of sensory information because it is all we have. One example of an inaccuracy of sensory information is “the McGurk effect is an error in sound perception that occurs when there is a mismatch between the senses of hearing and seeing” (Stangor, 2011). In that example your ears hear one thing (Ba Ba Ba), your eyes see another (Ga Ga Ga), while your brain processes a third (Da Da Da). Another example of inaccuracy is “illusions occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect” (Stangor, 2011).
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
Describe and evaluate the Working Memory Model of Memory (12 marks) The working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 is an alternative to the multi- store model, which was limited in its description of the STM. It consists of three main components, the first one being the central executive, which has overall control. The central executive is directs attention to two slave systems, the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketchpad. The central executive has limited capacity but is able to process information from all the sensory systems, e.g. vision, hearing, etc.
It’s not clear as to whether Spinoza meant (a) there cannot be two substances with all the same attributes in common; or (b) there cannot be two substances with an attribute in common. Spinoza uses the phrase “nature or attribute” which suggests that he meant (a) because a substance’s nature constitutes sharing all of the same attributes not just some. This interpretation helps his argument for premise one the most because if substances are distinguished by their attributes, then substances cannot have all the same attributes in common. For Spinoza, substance is something self-conceivable, however, this conception of substance does not work if there are substances that share something in common because we would conceive one substance in terms of an extrinsic property. Hence, our conception of one substance would be understood via an external property in relation with the other substance.
How does the past experience get into our memory in the first place? Atkinson and shiffrin (1968) were some of the first psychologists to attempt to answer this question with their multi – store model of memory. They suggested that memory is made up of a series of stores. The multi store model (Atkinson and shiffrin 1968) describes memory as information flowing through a system. Where the information is detected initially by the senses and then enters the sensory memory.
However, in the process of experience, human cannot feel the “feeling” using the concepts of that “feeling”, which is named Qualia. For example, although someone has learnt all the theories he should know to generate the sense of pain, he can’t predict the result when the sense of pain really happens. Therefore, Qualia cannot be simply identified by physical knowledge, because it is subjective, and will change with environment’s change. In order to make the argument more convictive, Frank Jackson designed an experiment to explain that Qualia is nonphysical, and
In Confucians’ opinion, Xue and Si are two main activities one should take to approach Dao. However, they are different. Xue means to get knowledge or , broadly speaking, right information from the outside world. Si means to think over the information , and to try to interpret Dao from these information. (One important point is that Dao is not a kind of knowledge nor a set of activities, not theoretical but pre- theoretical.)
Human beings trust their own senses. However sometimes our senses can be wrong. Even if science has the proof that our senses are incorrect, the human mind will find it impossible to believe. Let us take the example of the chessboard optical illusion (see picture 1). Directly our senses will lead us to believe that block A is darker then block B.
Evaluate two models of memory with reference to research studies (22 marks) The following essay aims to make an appraisal of two models of memory whilst weighing up the strengths and limitations of each. Memory is defined to be the mental process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. Memory undergoes a series of stages in order to store its information. First the encoding process: incoming information is organized and transformed so it can be entered into memory. Secondly storage process: involves entering and maintaining information in memory for a period of time and last of all retrieval process: involves recovering stored information from memory so it can be used.