The association between the mother and a sense of pleasure is the attachment bond. Operant conditioning is that behaviour is learnt in regard to whether they’re reinforced or not. If behaviour brings about rewards, it’ll be repeated. If behaviour brings about punishment it’s less likely to be repeated. Reinforcement is either positive or negative.
It is separate from personal identity – which is the part of our self-concept that derives from the way we perceive our personality traits and the personal relationships we have with other people (Turner, 1982). Whereas personal identity is associated with interpersonal behaviours, social identity is related to intergroup behaviours. This theory highlights social belonging and affiliation within successful groups in order to boost self-esteem. The motivation to show the superiority of our ingroup compared to relevant outgroups. By thus establishing the superiority of our ingroup, we make sure that our social identities, and therefore our self-esteem, are positive enough.
Second, psychogenic, “such as the need for autonomy, achievement, affiliation, dominance, play, order, and so on.” (Pinel, J.P.J. 2008. p. 280). Also, needs often interact with dispositional traits such as extroversion and introversion. The dispositional trait will reflect how the person uses behavior to fulfill a need. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created to help measure the needs for power, intimacy, and achievement in regards to motivation.
There are two key terms that help us to understand behaviour which are thinking patterns and perception. The cognitive model believes that abnormal behaviour is the result of irrational, maladaptive and disordered thought processes and perceptions of self. A man called Ellis implied that there were two routes of thinking, which are adaptive and maladaptive. By saying this he also suggested that everyone is capable of taking either of these two routes. He also suggested that if people think rationally then they will behave rationally and therefore as a consequence they will be happy and competent.
This is more likely if the behaviour is positively reinforced. The other way is through indirect experience; this is when an individual learns behaviour to imitate, which is based on reinforcements that they see others receiving. An example of this would be if we see someone being punished for aggression we are not likely to copy it. If we see someone praised we may be more likely to imitate them. This theory acknowledges that there are some cognitive elements to being able to observe and imitate behaviours.
The comparison level for alternatives, on the other hand, is concerned with the benefits of possible alternative relationships. We compare the outcomes of the reference relationship with others that we could be in and if this potential relationship is favourable the current relationship may end. Equity Theory proposed by Walster et al is the second theory of relationship maintenance and is an extension of the SET but focusses on fairness. Equity Theory suggests four principles that underpin equity in relationships. Firstly, that people try to maximize their rewards.
Social identitiy theory proposes that people belonging to a group can increase their pride and self esteem, as the group gives a sense of belonging. A group provides rules and norms to each the whole group obey to, these rules are internalized and we use them to regulate our behaviour. The theory states that in group will discriminate against outer group to make them feel better and to enhance their self image. This theory was proposed by John Turner and Henri Taijef in 1979, they stated that there are three mental processes involved in evaluating others as ‘us’ or ‘them.’ These three mental processes are; social categorization, social identification and social
What Makes A Person Virtuous PHI 107 Professor Bruce Carruthers September 20 Some virtue theorists maintain that the development of virtuous character requires the right sort of society and culture., 2010 Louis Pojman's essay, "Merit: Why do we value it?" is a well argued opinion based on the principle of fittingness. Whereas Pojman makes the claim that we should strive to make our world one in which, "the virtuous are rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts." This statement is one that I agree with, the good should be rewarded and the bad should be punished according to the severity of their crime. This is a viewpoint that very few rational people could disagree with.
Social exchange theory is based on the concept of ‘reciprocity’, for example ‘I will behave towards you the way I expect you to behave towards me’. It involves calculation of the costs, benefits, power differences, expectations, roles and relationships. Cooperation theory is based on a game theory which calculates the best outcome for all when there are differing interests and a number of options. It works best when there is trust and relationships are well recognized but rely on parties having sufficient power to impose sanctions to ensure known cooperation. (Payne, M. 2000.
Change is an inevitable process which occurs in nature. Certain personal traits and attributes maybe needed to overcome the challenges and obstacles that change may present. Embracing the process of change with naivety and innocence may lead to manipulative forces to take advantage of our weaknesses for their own need for power. The impact of change can be a rewarding experience where inner growth and wisdom can occur but it can also have a negative impact on one’s lie by having a destructive effect the relationship with others. I have come to understand that when change is forced upon, it may be detrimental’ leading to conflict and struggle to remain true to ourselves.