There are three main reasons why people obey - Legitimate Authority, Graduated Commitment and Agentic Shift, these are the three reasons identified by Milgram. Legitimate Authority is when people feel compelled to obey people with a high social status (Legitimate social power), their role is usually defined by society, and we generally respect the person with power because of the responsibility or hardship required in their role. This can be found with Policemen, we are more likely to respond to them and obey their orders than a traffic warden. We may still obey the authority figure even if we are asked to do something immoral or unethical. This was found during Milgram's study, the teachers obeyed the researcher because of his legitimate social standing at the prestigious university, Yale.
The ethical standards of police officers are vital to the relationship of the department and the community. Police officers, like celebrities, are often viewed as role models whether they approve or not. Ethics The moral behavior and actions of humans that produce right and wrong conduct is basically the definition of ethics. Correct moral conduct presents a good sense of ethics and creates trust between those that are governed by the principle. Although most probably consider ethics as good or right actions, bad and wrong behavior can be demonstrated through ethical conduct.
Arguably, he had wanted to limit the influence of them due to his distrust of their background and knowledge gained through being educated in foreign institutions. On the contrary, Source B claims that “Mao was unsure” about what negative consequences the campaign might bring about. According to the second source, Mao genuinely wanted the intellectuals to “join the revolution of their own free will rather than being forced to do” rather than accuse them for being a threat to the Communist regime. It seems to be a reasonable explanation of his intentions as he was very much concerned with the CPC becoming more bureaucratic, which was highlighted by the Three-Antis Campaign of 1951, and therefore he wanted to find a solution to this problem through hearing what the educated part of society had to say. Moreover, Mao’s famous saying “unity, criticism, unity” suggests that the campaign indeed had good intentions, not implying any “trap”.
In this case, the broken window is a signal that the community in New York was neglected, causing others to commit other types of crimes too. Once the window is repaired, people will feel less neglected and refrain from committing other crimes. However, recent studies and experiments, discussed in Caitlin M. Jones’ article “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Criminal Behavior”, show results that both contradict and support Gladwell, stating that genes also play a vital role in the outcomes of individuals’ behaviors. Other theories have also emerged; one of the more surprising ones coming from economist Rick Nevin, discussed in Shankar Vedantam’s “Research Links Lead Exposure, Criminal Activity”. Here, his theory argues that a high level of lead exposure leads to more violent behavior due to lead being a neurotoxin that causes impulsivity and aggression.
Milgram believed they acted as a mechanism to help people cope with the strain of having to obey an immoral command. Agentic shift , people usually operate in an autonomous state behaving voluntarily and aware of the consequences following their actions. When Milgram’s participants were debriefed , many reported that they knew it was wrong to deliver dangerous electric shocks, but that they felt the experimenter was responsible and not them. Authoritarian personality is another explanation of obedience. It is that an individuals personality may make them more or less inclined to obey an authority figure.
He showed students videos of violent crimes and interviewed them 48 hours later either using a standard police interview or the cognitive interview. The found that people were significantly more likely to remember details correctly when interviewed using the cognitive interview, showing that cognitive interview is effective in improving recall. However this study was a laboratory experiment which means it lacks ecological validity as people may have not taken it as seriously as they would in reality so the results can’t be generalised. Also, there are ethical issues in this study as it showed people violence so they weren’t protected from possible psychological harm. More research into the effectiveness of cognitive interview has supported this study showing that cognitive interview is superior to standard interview.
This affected the results of the experiment because it shows that we go along with group or an authority figure when we are being pressured instead of standing up for what we as individuals think is right from our individual point of view. An example that would support my evaluation based upon group pressure and conformity would be when US soldiers took Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2003. These soldiers took these prisoners and abused and humiliated them. These soldiers abused and humiliated these prisoners because they we told by a higher command to do so. These soldiers feared if they didn’t do what they were told they would face consequences.
Parsons claim that this division of labour is beneficial to both men and women. Some conservative thinkers and politicians, known as the New Right, also hold this view. However one can argue that these ideas are invalid because Parsons' work was theoretical, not empirical therefor it cannot be applied to the general public. Also, his work was done in the 50's and can be considered as outdated therefor it has got bad temporal validity. Elizabeth
Onyale Donloe Inequality within the New Deal Critics on the left have disputed that the New Deal did not grant Americans equal access to aid. These criticisms about the New Deal are fair because the New Deal did indeed benefit some Americans more than others. Although the New Deal did benefit many people in the United States, some programs excluded different groups of Americans while providing support and aid to others. Due to this exclusion, the New Deal reinforced existing inequalities between men and women, black Americans and white Americans, and farmers and industrial workers. To begin with, Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932, amidst the fall of the American banking system.
Advancing this organizational culture will encourage police officers to act in a manner consistent with the high trust we vest in this vocation. Justice, Truthfulness and Good Loyalty have been defined by the great Philosophers throughout history and should all be incorporated into the decision-making process of police leaders. Police play an important role in the maintenance of our democratic society. This role compels police officers to maintain high ethical standards of conduct. Police must protect the rights of citizens, yet are charged with restricting the rights of suspects in the furtherance of society’s good.