The Chapel of Charlemagne is considered a masterpiece of Carolingian architecture and is the best know surviving example of a Palatine Chapel. Figure 1.1 Palatine Chapel in the cathedral at Aachen, Ger. The central portion of the structure was built by Charlemagne, and the other sections were built later. Vanni/Art Resource, New York The Middle Ages art and architecture was divided into two periods Romanesque and Gothic. Building rooms such as the Abbey Church of Sainte-foy in France marked the Romanesque period shown here in figure 1.2.
POPE LEO THE GREAT AND ATTILA THE HUN. The Western Roman Empire of the 5th century A.D. was only a reminiscence of the Empire former greatness. Corruption filled the government, which taxed its citizens so heavily that some fled beyond the Empire’s borders to live among the “barbarians.” Rome’s economy was wracked by the gradual loss of their conquered territories. The use of mercenaries had debilitated the once-invincible Roman Army. Rome sought peace through gold rather than by military might, paying some of the barbarian leaders to remains outside the Empire’s borders.
Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became the ruler of Western Europe, by his fierce battle tactics and his passion for Christianity. Charlemagne was born in 742 AD, to a very famous family. Charlemagne’s grandfather was Charles Martel, and Charlemagne was also the oldest son of Pepin the Short, the first king of the Franks. As Western Europe was falling apart, Charlemagne was crowned king of the Franks in 768 AD. Charlemagne defeated thousands of barbarians and kings during his time of power.
Constantine was not yet a baptized Christian when he settled matters of Christian dogma and the Arian Controversy at the First Nicene Council (First Council of Nicaea), which ended on August (or July) 25, 325. As a result of his initial decision against the Arians, Constantine exiled his friend Eusebius for holding an heretical position. Constantine later revised his opinion and recalled Eusebius. It was from 325 that Constantine enjoyed sole reign in the Roman empire, having defeated and executed his co-emperor Licinius, who had reneged on the Edict of Milan. Constantine died in 22 May, 337 at Nicomedia, shortly after his baptism by the Arian bishop, his friend Eusebius of
• His achievements stand among the most significant of the early Middle ages. Made Latin the written and spoken language of his empire. Made many reforms such as judicial and legal reforms. Preserved much of the literary heritage of ancient Rome. • Throughout his life, Charlemagne had worshiped God devoutly, supported the church, given to the needy, and even built a magnificent cathedral.
The central tower is typically the main entrance to the building with the building quite symmetrical on either sides of the tower. In St. Michael’s we can see all the characteristics present, except that the transepts are quite short. The Gothic pointed arches, a multitude of large windows, the ribbed vaults, and the slender columns continuing up to the ceiling are all in the design with the characteristic detailed ornamentation as well. (Ontario Heritage Trust) The exterior walls are of brick and are load-bearing walls. About midway down the aisles, there are two small chapels on the north and south sides that are beautifully decorated with small colourful tiles and candles.
New conquests extended its domain well into central Europe and throughout the Arab portion of the old Islamic caliphate, and a new amalgam of political, religious, social, and economic organizations and traditions was institutionalized and developed into a living, working whole. The Empire, sadly, would begin a slow decline into the cesspool of third world countries. One of the primary causes blamed for the fall of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the Sultanate. Originally the Sultanate was a strong institution, in which the Sultan would select a competent successor from among his often numerous sons. This weakening began late in the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent.
Later Napoleon had defeated the Egyptians in the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798 then defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo, the latter defending France from the Second Coalition. Later that year, Napoleon’s army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany; this brought the Second Coalition to an end, resulting in a peace treaty signed in Lunéville in 1801. This left France in control of Belgium, of German lands in on the river Khine and northern Italy. However, during Napoleon’s campaign he lost many thousand troops and had to increase taxes to pay for the war. The soldiers, also, took their food they needed from villages and farms they passed, killing animals digging up crops and sleeping in their houses.
How did william gain control of England and wales by 1100? When Edward the Confessor died in 1066, he left a disputed succession. The throne was seized by his leading aristocrat, Harold Godwinson, who was rapidly crowned. Almost immediately, Harold faced two invasions - one from the king of Norway, Harald Hardrada, who was supported by Harold Godwinson's brother Tostig, and the other from William, Duke of Normandy. Harold defeated the Norwegian invasion at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066, but he was defeated and killed shortly afterwards at the Battle of Hastings, on 14 October in the same year.
Paintings of Saints and other religious figures, often richly ornamented, blue and gold backgrounds set with richly dressed religious figures were meant to represent the unchanging brilliance of heaven. | 3. Justinian | 3. Byzantine Emperor from 527-565, systematized the Roman legal code, sought to reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire, had the Hagia Sophia built. | 4.