Radical Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane. The radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane was carried out using sulfuryl chloride and azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN). From the reaction there were for possible products which are as follows 1,1-dichlorobutane, 1,2- dichlorobutane, 1,3-dichlorobutane, and 1,4-dichlorobutane. The structures produced from the reaction are as follows; Attached to the four carbons in 1-chlorobutane are hydrogens that can react readily with chlorine, because of its electron withdrawing character. Chemical environment surrounding the carbons are different and therefore affecting the character of the hydrogens attached.
But HOH is a weaker base, and better leaving group. Adding a strong acid to the mixture allows protonation of the –OH group to give water as a leaving group. Once this protonation occurs, the mechanism that is followed depends on the nature of the R group (Williamson, Kenneth L.). In the presence of a strong acid, an alcohol can be dehydrated to form an alkene. The acid used in this experiment is 85% phosphoric acid and the alcohol is cyclohexanol.
Also, we will discover its regiochemistry and stereochemistry. Hydration reaction is a process that gives a alcohol functional group and a hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene. According to Markovnikov's rule the -OH group will be attached to the most substituted carbon which is a carbon connected to the most branches. As the result, in normal hydration reaction of (+)-α-Pinene, the -OH group will attach the carbon attaching to a methyl group. However, the desired product is (-)-Isopinocampheol, in which the -OH group need to attach to the less substituted carbon instead.
Since the carbonyl group of the ketone is trigonal planar molecule in its geometry it is able to be attacked from either side of the molecule by the hydride ion. Thus the alcohols that are formed produce a racemic mixture, which contains two enantiomers. The possible products which are formed from the reduction
With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
Bromination of Arenes This lab demonstrated the application of adding bromine to various arenes, hydrocarbons with alternating single bonds. This process, bromination, is a mechanism which treats hydrogen as a functional group. This being the case, the rate of reaction of certain arenes can be measured and compared to that of other arenes upon the addition of the bromine. The reaction occurs when the bromine radical generates from the halide diatomic molecule, using light energy. The fact that the energy needed to break the necessary bonds falls within the visible light spectrum is the basis on which the experiment is based.
Esterfication Abstract: Through the process of esterification, carboxylic acid was reacted with an alcohol in order to produce an ester and water as the products. An acid called benzoic acid was reacted with an alcohol identified as ethanol. Through the use of heat and a catalyst, which in this case was sulphuric acid, an ester in the form of ethyl benzoate was produced along with water. The cherry odour comes from the ester called ethyl benzoate. Theory: The purpose of this lab is to achieve a specific odour through the process of esterification where carboxylic acid and alcohol react to produce an ester and water with the assistance of heat and a catalyst such as sulphuric acid.
Synthesis of 1-Bromobutane I. Conclusion In this experiment we prepare 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using Sn2 reaction. By heating the primary alcohol with two reagents: NaBr and H2SO4, an aqueous solution containing the alko-halide and water will be produced. The overall equation for the reaction: H2SO4 + NaBr + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH -------> CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O + NaHSO4 Questions: 3- By changing the source of the halide from NaBr to NaCl: H2SO4 + NaCl + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH -------> CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + H2O + NaHSO4 2- In refluxing you gently heating the mixture without losing product to evaporation. If the mixture were boiled some of the solvent that contains some products will be gone with evaporation.
Na2Cr2O7, H2O = 2° alcohol to Ketone PCC = 1° alcohol to Ketone BuLi, R-X/H+,HgCl2, H2O = 1,3 dithiane to ketone Li-R (xs), H3O+ = carboxylic acid to ketone R-MgX, H3O+ = nitrile to ketone R2CuLi = (Gilman) Acid Chloride to Ketone LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3 = Acid Chloride to Aldehyde O3, (CH3)2S = Ozonolysis of alkene *AlCl3, H2O = Friedel-Craft, requires R-group, displaces Cl Hg2+, H2SO4, H2O = Hydration of Alkyne, R-C≡C-H to R-COCH3 Ph3=CH2 = ylide with carbonyl creates double bond (water leaves) H3O+ = hydration of aldehydes/ketones, adds 2 alcohols -CN, H2O = forms cyanohydride RNH2, H2O = forms imine R-OH (xs) = forms acetal NaBH4 = reduces aldehydes and ketones LAH = reduces aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids H2, Rainey Ni = reduces
Synthesis of Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) AINI A.G (2012xxxxxx) 19.03.13 (TUES) Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid was obtained from esterification reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in 97.40% yield. The product was tested for its purity by ferric chloride test and then identified by its melting point Results and Discussion Acetylsalicylic acid was obtained in 97.40% yield by allowing esterification reaction to occur between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Recrystallization of the crude acetylsalicylic acid gave white crystals, m.p. 101-107 0C (lit. 135-1360C [1]).