Alaska pipeline is the largest pipeline system in the world. The pipeline was worth approximately “$8 billion in 1977, largest privately funded construction project at that time.” ( Alyeska Pipeline Service Company) The pipeline
Acetylene gas is shipped in special cylinders designed to keep the gas dissolved. The cylinders are packed with porous materials (e.g. kapok fibre, diatomaceous earth, or (formerly) asbestos), then filled to around 50% capacity with acetone, as acetylene is acetone soluble. This method is necessary because above 207 kPa (30 lbf/in²) (absolute pressure) acetylene is unstable and may explode. There is about 1700 kPa (250 psi) pressure in the tank when full.
He suggested that at the centre of oceans, molten material would rise from the Earth’s mantle, causing new sea floor to be created, pushing the ocean floor. He also suggested that there were ocean trenches where old sea floor would then go back into the mantle, and molten. He found that these ocean trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean, were very near continental plates. Hess theorized that the action of the sea floor spreading caused continents to move apart and so this being evidence for continental drift, showing why it happened. The evidence of sea floor spreading was further supported by Vine and Drummond, who studied the magnetic pattern of the sea floor.
7.7% of the oil in the ocean is from oil tankers. Extraction is the last major way of oil being released in the ocean. This transpires when oil from platforms are spilled and when there is a blowout. Blowouts are also referred to as
Year 12 HSC Chemistry Notes (Conquering Chemistry) Module 1 – production of Materials Ethylene, polymers and ethanol * Fossil fuels – energy rich substances formed in the Earth’s crust under intense heat and pressure millions of years ago. Originally remains of marine organisms, they were converted into petroleum that is trapped near the Earth’s surface. Fossil fuels can be extracted and refined to provide energy, and the building blocks of crude oil can be used to create numerous materials for human use e.g. ethylene. * Petroleum – mixture of hydrocarbons, consists of liquid crude oil and gaseous natural petroleum gas.
(Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other elements cause weld defects if introduced to the weld pool.) After a while it was discovered that argon has some advantages over helium. Because argon is heavier than helium, less flow rate is needed. The lower flow rate requirement makes argon better for flat welding. Helium is good for overhead, because it is lighter and thus flows upward.
Cold Seeps A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated. Cold seeps constitute a biome supporting several endemic species. Cold seeps occur over fissures on the seafloor caused by tectonic activity. Oil and methane "seep" out of those fissures, are diffused by sediment, and emerge over an area several hundred meters wide.
The steam brings hydrogen sulphide gas to the surface and pollutes the air unless controls are instituted. 2. Water contains many salts and minerals capable of causing water pollution. 3. The earth in a geothermal field may subside as the water is pumped out.
Gas or its inability to escape is what causes volcanos to become violent. The longer gas is trapped, the more pressure builds up. The cause of gas building up is the result of the viscosity of the magma the gas is trapped in. Viscosity is the measure of the flow or how easily a liquid flows. If a liquid is viscous it is thick and will flow slowly like honey whereas a liquid that is nonviscous will flow like water.
(http://www.chemicalformula.org/reactions/combustion) Equations for Photosynthesis: Light Light Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Word Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen Light Light Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Balanced Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 (http://www.chemicalformula.org/photosynthesis) Fossil fuels were formed over hundreds of millions of years ago by decomposing plants. After a long period of time, layers and layers of rock, mud, and sand covered the dead plants under the earth, which caused them to become fossilized. Oil and natural gas were formed in the same process as each other, but coal was formed differently. Oil and Natural Gas were formed by organisms - plankton and plants that lived in fresh water and were buried under rivers and oceans. The pressure and bacteria combined to make oil and natural gas.