Tension [pic] d. Compression 6. What is Earth's core composed of? [pic] a. hydrogen and iron b. magnesium and silicon [pic] c. iron and nickel d. nickel and silicon 7. A large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake is called a(n) __________. a. upwelling current b. seiche [pic] c. tsunami d. tidal range 8.
I shall use examples of the Kobe Earthquake 1995, Boxing Day Tsunami 2004 and the Haiti Earthquake 2010. The earthquake of 2004 was caused by subduction of the Australian plate and the Eurasian Plate ,a 15-20m slip occurred along the fault line which then caused an earthquake measuring a 9.1 on the Richter scale. This a very high recording on the Richter scale so therefore it would always cause devastating hazards , but human factors could be seen as making the impacts far worse. The earthquake in the ocean had caused a tsunami to occur within the Indian Ocean. The wave reached up to 30 metres high causing devastation to the 13 countries surrounding the ocean.
What do earthquake swarms indicate? (page 94, para 2 to page 95) Earthquake swarms indicate that new fractures were forming. Swarms can be used as an early indication that magma from a storage zone is being injected into the rifts were these new fractures are happening. 3. What is "summit deflation"?
Scientists have since seen these patterns as precursory to eruptions at many other volcanoes, including the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens. At Mount St. Helens the value of an extensive system of seismic sensors has greatly improved our ability to determine the location and depth of earthquakes, and our ability to understand the physics of magma systems underground. The lack of short-term seismic or other geophysical indications in the hours and days prior to the May 18, 1980, debris avalanche, as well as prior to many short discrete explosions both before and after May 18, underscores that fact that scientists and public officials will not always have warning sufficient to issue short-term predictions of impending eruptive activity. Today, seismic
He suggested that at the centre of oceans, molten material would rise from the Earth’s mantle, causing new sea floor to be created, pushing the ocean floor. He also suggested that there were ocean trenches where old sea floor would then go back into the mantle, and molten. He found that these ocean trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean, were very near continental plates. Hess theorized that the action of the sea floor spreading caused continents to move apart and so this being evidence for continental drift, showing why it happened. The evidence of sea floor spreading was further supported by Vine and Drummond, who studied the magnetic pattern of the sea floor.
The Eastern side of the county must be accessed by a round-trip through adjacent Skagit County. Risks of potential natural hazards are listed in the above table. Whatcom County has a high vulnerability to earthquakes related to the location of oceanic and continental crusts. The University of Washington seismology lab reports up to 1000 earthquakes per year in Washington and Oregon. With a severe earthquake the county could be at risk for a Tsunami.
A risk assessment shows that the chances of a volcanic eruption in the next 10,000 years is 1 in 10, 0000 ("Volcanic hazard at," 2002). This region has had some volcanic activity within 12 miles of the Yucca Mountain. Some of the eruptions have caused some levels of magma. Because of the level of volcanic gases contained in the magma the eruptions have been explosive ("Volcanic hazard at," 2002). This could be a problem if an eruption was to take place at the Yucca Mountain or close by.
Discuss the Extent to which Tectonic hazards can be Monitored 40 marks Monitoring tectonic hazards involves being able to predict when they will occur and the extent of the damage they may cause and in this way we can prevent maximum harm taking place. When predicting volcanoes it’s important to look at their history of previous eruptions and the type of volcano. The most recent research was in time prediction using shock waves that are produces as magma reaches the surface which expands cracks or breaks the surface of the volcanic rock. This was partly successful in a Mexican eruption in 2002 of Popacatapelt. Using the history of eruptions allows us to assess what is likely to happen in the future, for example, in the eruption of Mt.
The plates that are stuck become compressed and deform, this in turn builds stress and pressure (Murk, Skinner, & Mackenzie, 2010). The rocks eventually break or slip allowing the stuck plates to move (Murk, Skinner, & Mackenzie, 2010). When the rocks either break or slip the plates move once again (Murk, Skinner, & Mackenzie, 2010). This is what’s called elastic rebound and when they rube one another they produce what is known as “seismic waves that travel though the ground and shake the surface” (Lynch,
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and resulting tsunami (Boxing Day Tsunami) was an event that caused great loss, destruction and trauma. Within this essay, the nature of the natural hazard, the factors that contributed to this disaster, and the preparedness of the region to handle such an event will be discussed. Furthermore the extensive recovery process and lessons learnt from this disaster will also be looked at. Hazards are a “potential threat to humans and their welfare arising from a dangerous phenomenon… that may cause loss of life, injury, property damage and other community losses of damage.” (Smith 2006, p.11) In the case of the Boxing Day Tsunami, it was the resulting tsunami, not the earthquake, which caused the destruction and ‘displacement of around 1.8 million people.’ (Smith 2006) When the water first receded, many peopl, ‘rushed out onto the once-covered reefs to pick up the stranded fish.’ (McCall 2014) Subsequently when the water eventually returned in the form of a tsunami, the chance of survival for those on the reefs was almost non-existent. Both natural and human factors contributed to transforming the hazard into a disaster.