high melting point, hard, brittle, slightly soluble in water, conductor of electricity when melted or in solution Molecular solid - crystalline solid that has molecules arranged in a particular configuration. low melting point, generally insoluble in water, nonconductor of electricity. Metallic solid - crystalline solid that has atoms of metals arranged in a definite pattern. low to high melting point, malleable, ductile, conductor of electricity, insoluble in most solvents. Lesson 13.6 Changes of physical state: * necessary to draw a temperature-energy graph to see the change in temperature with a constant application of heat Heat of fusion - the amount of heat required to melt 1.00 g of substance.
The arrangement of particles in an atom Protons and neutrons make up the main, dense, central nucleus in the centre of the atom. This is surrounded by electrons “orbiting” the main nucleus. The electron are in shells depending on their energy levels, as the most energetic are on the outer shells, because they need more energy to travel around a bigger “orbit” of the nucleus. These shells are full when a certain amount of atoms are in the shell; 2 in the first shell, 8 in the next shell, 8 in the third shell and so on. When the shells are full, the atom is unreactive.
c. It burns in an atmosphere of chlorine. d. It is one of the few substances that expands upon freezing. e. The gray form melts at 631°C. 2. The following properties describe zinc.
A) Hydrogen bonds are strong enough to confer structural stability, for example in DNA. B) Hydrogen bonds are weak enough to be easily broken (weaker than covalent bonds). C) They contribute to the water solubility of many macromolecules. D) All of the above Answer: D Page Ref: Section 5 27) London dispersion forces are attractive forces that arise due to A) infinitesimal dipoles generated by the constant random motion of electrons. B) permanent dipoles of molecules containing covalent bonds between atoms of very different electronegativities.
The bond between these two ions is called an ionic bond.If the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7 then the higher electronegative atom has an electron attracting ability which is large enough to force the transfer of electrons from the lesser electronegative atom. an example of an ionic bond would be Sodium chloride. Covalent Bonds have weaker inner forces this allows molecules to break easily, which is why covalent bonds have low melting points. Ionic bonds on the other hand have stronger inner forces keeping the molecules closer and stronger together. A result of this is a high melting point for that chemical bond.Ionic bonds tend to form more crystalline substances made of ions, like
Although some subatomic particles have a greater mass than some atoms. Subatomic particles are made of quarks such as a proton which is made of two up quarks and one down quark. The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.
David Kemp OCR Chemistry A Unit 1: F321 Atomic Structure (a) describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of relative charge and relative mass; Proton +1 1 Neutron 0 1 Electron -1 1/2000 Relative Charge Relative Mass (b) describe the distribution of mass and charge Within an atom; Positively charged Nucleus containing most of the mass, surrounded by atomic shells with orbiting electrons of negative charge and negligible mass. (c) describe the contribution of protons and neutrons to the nucleus of an atom, in terms of atomic (proton) number and mass (nucleon) number. The atomic number of the nucleus, also the proton number, shows the number of protons in the nucleus. It also defines the element. The number of neutrons added to the number of protons is the nucleon number or mass number.
* X belongs to Group 2 of the periodic table because it has a low first and second ionization energy, however, a higher second and third. * b. What charge would you expect element X to have when it forms an ion? * Element X would form a positive charge because the first two would be kicked out and that would leave the two valence electrons forming an ion with +2 charge. * c. If you were to place elements X and Y into the periodic table, would element Y be in the same period as element X?
The nucleus is surrounded by circling electrons on the outer shell. In most cases, atoms are neutrally charged (there is the same number of electrons as protons). If an atom has more electrons than protons, it is negatively charged. If an atom has more protons than electrons, it is positively charged. Static electricity is produced from a process known as triboelectrification.
Electromagnetism Everything is made out of atoms. Atoms consist of a nucleus (containing neutrons and protons) and a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. If an object has more protons than neutrons, then it is negatively charged. If an object has more electrons than protons, then it is positively charged.