Describe the structure and development of bone and the factors that influence it. Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton. The bone consists of blood vessels, nerve cells and living bone cells. Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the protein collagen. Calcium is needed to make bones hard, which allows them to support your weight.
Whenever a mineral is needed hormone signals are sent to the bones and the mineral that is needed is released into the blood stream. Vitamin D is needed for bones to properly absorb and store these minerals. 2) Flat bones provide extensive surfaces for muscles to attach. Muscles attach to flat bones to help provide movement of the arms and legs. Flat bones provide protection for the internal organs including the brain, heart, lungs, liver and kidneys.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – BONES AND JOINTS The skeleton consists of axial and appendicular components. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column and bones of the thorax, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. You do not have to remember the names of all the bones of the body but you should familiarise yourself with those indicated on the diagrams below. There are different categories of bones: long bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones and irregular bones. Long bones – The major bones of the arms (humerus, radius, and ulna) and the legs (the femur, tibia, and fibula) are all long bones.
The typical structure of a long bone consists of epiphyses, diaphysis, epiphyseal line, periosteum, endosteum and articular cartilage. Bones are formed through ossification which includes intramembranous and endochondral occification. The skeleton is divided into two parts: the axial and the appendicular limb, the pelvic girdle and the lower limb. Bone calcification is the process by which calcium is deposited into the bone
The human body has 206 bones which are organized in the skeleton. It functions as a protection of vital organs, forms the framework of the body, and supports vital body functions, such as physical movement, as well as communication. The skull encases the soft tissue in the human brain, the rib cage and sternum, shield the heart and lungs from the surrounding environment, and the pelvis safely houses our internal organs. Humans have an endoskeleton which is inside the body, and is split into two main divisions, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones and comprises the skull (facial bones and cranial bones), hyoid bone, , vertebral column, auditory ossicles and the thorax (the sternum and the rib bones form the thorax).
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells,, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton provides support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for the rest of the body allowing movement. The skull is composed of 22 bones that aid in the support and movement, and protection of the brain.
The articular capsule has two layers: -Fibrous capsule: the outer layer - Synovial membrane: the inner layer that secretes synovial fluid which lubricates to reduce friction. The surface of the knee joint, the patella lies within the joint capsule and has an important function which is to reduce friction during extension and to protect the knee joint. The muscles that facilitate the movement of the synovial joints are skeletal muscles. The muscles that move the knee joint are called quadriceps and hamstring. When the agonist which is the contracting muscle which, in this case is the quadriceps, it allows flexion of the knee joint while the antagonist which will be the hamstring, is the relaxed
In describing the cellular components of skeletal muscle, several specialized terms are used such as the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the sarcolemma; its cytoplasm is known as sarcoplasm; the endoplasmic reticulum is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The term motor unit is used to describe a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve, the fibers within a single motor unit contract simultaneously (Van and Marleen,2000). Each muscle cell is surrounded by a sarcolemma and has many nuclei occurring at intervals along its length. The nuclei are displaced peripherally within a cross section of the sarcoplasm while a large number of longitudinal myofibrils, groups of arranged contractile proteins, occupy most of the center space(Tortora and Derrickson,2011). Based on nerve stimulation studies, skeletal muscles are divided into two muscle fiber types, the first type is called Slow-twitch muscle fibers which mainly rely on aerobic metabolism.
What is a Ligament and how does it work? Ligament is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage and supports and strengthens joints. The main functions of ligaments are to keep the bones of the skeleton in a suitable alignment and prevent abnormal movements of the joints. What is a Tendon and how does it work? A tendon is tissue that connects muscles to bones.
The brain, eyes, heart, lungs and spinal cord are all protected by your skeleton. Your cranium skull protects your brain and eyes, the ribs protect your heart and lungs and your vertebrae spine, backbones protect your spinal cord. Bones provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. Tendons are tough inelastic bands that hold attach muscle to bone. There are many differences between the male and female human skeletons.