3. Please discuss the specific assessment findings of a client with Potassium imbalance. Hypokalemia -Weak thready pulse -ECG changes (ST depression, flattened T wave, U wave, PVS, heat block) -Dec. breath sounds -Dyspnea -Polyuria -decreased deep tendon reflexes -Anxiety -Muscle weakness - Confusion - Depression -Leg cramps -Hypo bowel sounds -N/V -Constipation -Paralytic ileus –Weight loss - Coma Hyperkalemia -Irregular
When involving the retina it causes diabetic retinopathy, and when affecting the kidney causes diabetic nephropathy (Gardner and Shoback, 2007). Microvascular disease can also involve the heart, and heart failure has occurred in some diabetic patients (Gardner and Shoback, 2007). DRUGS[1]: METFORMIN (1g, TDS) Class: Antidiabetic agent Action:
Report changes to the provider. Hyperkalemia can result in EKG changes that include tall peaked T waves, prolonged PR interval, and widened QRS interval” (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011, pg. 343) The nurse monitoring an acute renal failure patient should implement safety precautions such as falls prevention protocol
Common side effects from antipsychotics may include: •Sleepiness (sedation) •Dizziness •Weight gain •Increased chance of diabetes and high cholesterol •Feelings of restlessness or "jitters" •Slowed movements •Tremor Long-term use of antipsychotic medications may increase your risk for a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. This condition causes repeated movements that you cannot control, especially around the mouth. Call your doctor right away if you think you may have this
Contra indications) Life experience and physical characteristics: - Age - Gender/Sexuality - Race/Culture - Physical Health - Psychological reaction - History of physical/sexual abuse Contra indications: Take medical advice on the use of physical intervention if the service user has: - A history of heart disease or heart problems - Difficulty in breathing: a history of respiratory illness - Problems with digesting food; gastro-intestinal conditions - Recent fractures; a history of dislocated joints - Downs syndrome (vulnerability to neck/spine injury) Other factors suggested by research include: - Obesity - Sickle Cell Anaemia - Drug/Alcohol abuse 2. What factors can act to compromise safety during restraint? Be aware of own mindset: - Punitive staff attitudes (‘I’ll show you who’s boss’) - Fear ( leading to indecisive staff action – or – conversely use of excessive force) - Misinterpretation (the restrained person often explicitly states ‘I cannot breathe’, before dying. Staff did not believe them) - Ignorance (lack of knowledge of risk factors and symptoms of distress) Danger is increased by: - Time – the restraint goes on too long - Prolonged struggle – Lactic acid may build up (Acidosis) - Ignoring distress – Have a non involved staff member monitoring the subject at all times - Restricting breathing – Restricting the free movement of the diaphragm 3. What is your understanding of the term ‘Positional Asphyxia’ in relation to restraint?
These consequences affect all the organ systems in the body. (Carol Mattson Porth, Glenn Matfin 2009) Cause: The presented patient scenario along with the information given indicate that Ms. Smith suffers from ARF that is caused by severe dehydration. This severe dehydration in turn produces Prerenal acute renal failure due to decrease renal blood flow and decrease glomerular perfusion and filtration. Based on the above patient diagnosis the labs would be as follows: K or potassium will be elevated to more than the normal ratio: K >5 Creatinine elevated: >2 Bun elevated: >20 Urea & sulfate will be elevated Sodium levels will be normal or low Calcium will be low & phosphate will be high. Hgb will be low: <12 Urinalysis: patient has low urine output and urine will have low specific gravity.
Certain diseases, surgeries, and habits make one more likely to develop this condition. As is suspected in this client, acute pancreatitis is most often caused by alcohol abuse. (Bare, B.; Cheever, K.; Hinkle, J.; Smelter, S., 2008). Symptoms of pancreatitis include abdominal pain felt in the upper left quadrant. This pain may become worse within minutes after eating or drinking, especially high fat foods.
This medication is used in the treatment for patients with a disorder known as mania. Patients with mania experience a frenzied mood, or an abnormally excited mood. The side effects for this medication are as follows, drowsiness, blank facial expression, shuffling walk, agitation, nervousness, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, changes in skin color, widening or narrowing of the pupils, difficulty urinating, these are the less harmful side effects according to the National Institute of Mental Health (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications). According to this same article the more severe side effects to this medication are as follows, fine worm like tongue movements, flu like symptoms, fast irregular heartbeat, sore throat chills or other signs of infection, neck cramps, difficulty breathing or swallowing,
| 1) Low blood pressure | | 2) Stomach ache | | 3) Increase perspiration and salivation (Moore, 2013) | Example of a neurological disorder, disease, or condition where this agent occurs | List possible risks associated with not taking this agent for the disorder, disease, or condition: | A severe autoimmune muscular disease by varying progressions of defects of the skeletal muscles in the body is known as myasthenia gravis. A defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles is seen in myasthenia gravis. The acetylcholine travels from the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors, which are made active and create muscle
5 Identify the nursing implications of procedures used for diagnostic evaluation of respiratory function. G L O S S A R Y apnea: temporary cessation of breathing bronchophony: abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds bronchoscopy: direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope cilia: short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx compliance: measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs crackles: soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways diffusion: exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration dyspnea: labored breathing or shortness of breath egophony: abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating lungs fremitus: vibrations of speech felt as tremors of chest wall during palpation hemoptysis: expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract hypoxemia: decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood hypoxia: decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells obstructive sleep apnea: temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to transient upper airway obstruction orthopnea: inability to breathe easily except in an upright position oxygen saturation: