Topic: Minimal rationality In his essay “Minimal Rationality” Dretske explains what minimal rationality is and what is needed to posses it. In the following I will summarize the main points about minimal rationality and oppose it to biological rationality. By minimal rationality Dretske means that not only the behaviour needs to be under the causal control of thoughts but it also needs to be explained (governed) by the content of the thoughts. The explanation by the content of thoughts is what distinguishes minimal rationality from rationality. Dretske also uses the term of biological rationality that describes the behaviour designed by natural selection to achieve a consistent goal of higher fitness.
Abraham Maslow Summary Abraham Maslow is considered to be the pioneer of the humanism paradigm in psychology. He is best known for creating his notion of hierarchy of needs and self- actualisation and focused on the subjective reality to be the primary guide for human behaviour (Henley, Hergenhahn, 2009). He believed studying individuals is more informative than a group of individual who shares personal traits or social situation in common; therefore he focused studying individuals rather than a collective of individuals (Henley et al, 2009). Furthermore, he emphasised self-discovery that helps to enrich human’s life. Overall, the goal of humanism is to understand the description of human being.
The third section of the chapter addresses the utility of a classification system in grouping and distinguishing among different types of psychological disorders, and the fourth section indicates the basis for choosing the topics of the case studies presented in Chapters 2 through 19. Identifying Psychological Normality Psychological normality has most often been defined either as an average, an ideal, or a level of adjustment. Normality as an average is a statistical definition that identifies the typical or most common behaviors among a group of people as being normal for that group. This average perspective on what it means to be normal is what someone means when he or she says to another person, “Why can’t you be like everyone else?” or “Get with the program!” Identifying some large middle percentage of a group of persons as showing normal behavior has the benefit of
He also includes its "fecundity" (will more of the same follow?) and its "purity" (its pleasure won't be followed by pain & vice versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT. John Stuart Mill adjusted the more hedonistic tendencies in Bentham's philosophy by emphasizing (1) It is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism, (2) the calculus is unreasonable -- qualities cannot be quantified (there is a distinction between 'higher' and 'lower' pleasures), and (3) utilitarianism refers to "the Greatest Happiness Principle" -- it seeks to promote the capability of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the most amount of people (this is its "extent"). Act and Rule Utilitarianism We can apply the principle of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES.
Analyzing Counseling Theories Tracy Wright Walden University Analyzing Counseling Theories Part 1: Chart | Theory 1: Adlerian | Theory 2: Psychoanalytic | Background Theory | * Alfred Adler * early 1900s * originally called ‘individual psychology’ * conflicted with Freud | * Sigmund Freud * early 1900s * ‘talking cure’ | Human Nature | * positive * developmental perspective * social embeddedness | * irrational forces * unconscious motivations * biological drives | Major Constructs | * holistic * choice and responsibility * private logic * plus and minus situations | * id, ego, superego * psychosexual development * life and death instincts * defense mechanisms * transference and countertransference | Applications | * all ages * cross-cultural * individual * couples * family | * all ages * individual * mild to moderate disturbances * not cross-cultural | Evaluations | * simple and accessible * supported by case studies * birth order continues to be studied * lack of depth * lack of empirical evidence | * breadth and depth * comprehensive * influenced many other theories * lengthy * costly * lack of empirical evidence | Part 2: Reflection I. In the future, I would like to work with at-risk youth ages 14-21. In my community this includes urban, suburban, and rural young people at-risk for dropping out of school, teen pregnancy, drug abuse, and violence. II. Adlerian therapy would be most effective with this population because it addresses personal history, past patterns, social context, and future goals.
We are ruled by the forces of chance and coincidence” (1-6). Nicholas Sparks’ “The Notebook” sheds light on this wisdom with control being a major underlying theme that ultimately lies at the roots of all of the major points of conflict throughout the novel. A lack of one’s sense of control, or “locus of control” can not only affect an individual’s quality of life, but actually effect a person’s chances of survival, researchers believe. Daniel J. Siegel, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine provides the following insight: “From an evolutionary standpoint, if we are in control of our environment, then we have a far better chance of survival. Our deep subconscious mind thus gives us strong biochemical prods when we face some kind of danger (such as the fight-or-flight reaction)” Control is so much deeper, and significant than not getting things the way we want in life.
University of Essex Department of Psychology Discovering Psychology: The science Behind Human Behaviour Discuss the value of the true experiment in psychology 1301109 24/10/2013 979 “A true experimental design as the most accurate form of experimental research, in that it tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis mathematically, with statistical analysis” Shuttleworth (2008). This means that an experimental design basically tries to see how accurate an hypothesis is through statistical analysis. So, for an experiment to be classed as a true experimental design, the sample groups must be assigned randomly, in which there must be a viable control group, only one variable can be manipulated and tested i.e. It is possible to test more than one, but such experiments and their statistical analysis tend to be large and difficult and the tested subjects must be randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups. Therefore, in a true experiment subjects are randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable.
This weaker version seems to make more sense to me. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is in effect two propositions, which in a very basic form could perhaps be summed up as firstly Linguistic Determinism (language determines thought), and secondly Linguistic relativity (difference in language equals difference in thought). This topic of determinism and relativity can be applied to many areas – the study of to what extent technology influences our lives is termed the technological determinism debate. In psychology, discussion of this nature regarding the effect of environment and genetic makeup on our lives is called the nature/nurture debate. In a ‘purer’ form, there are philosophical questions of free will and determinism.
Can intelligence change? To what extent is intelligence malleable? Extended Essay: Psychology Name: Candidate number: School: Nörre Gymnasium Word count: 37811 Abstract This essay investigated the research question: To what extent is intelligence malleable? It was necessary to start by presenting the debate on defining intelligence since there is not a complete consensus among psychologists, however, this paper accepted a definition which is generally accepted by respected psychologists; that ‘intelligence is the ability to deal with cognitive complexity’ (Gottfredson, 1998). In presenting and analysing empirical evidence such as Howe (1997) supporting the thesis that intelligence can, in fact, change under the right conditions and given enough time, a strong indication of malleability is provided.
Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs. Maslow studied human subjects (exemplary people being Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglas) rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, which was radically different from the Freudian and Skinner schools of psychology. He claimed that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs."