Chemical environment surrounding the carbons are different and therefore affecting the character of the hydrogens attached. This difference in chemical environment finally explains the different interaction between hydrogen and chlorine. Determination of percent yield, and relative reactivity data was processed after the products of the reaction were analyzed using Gas Chromatography. Percent yield was calculated for each isomer and determined to be; 5.94% for 1,1-dichlorobutane, 23.1% for 1,2-dichlorobutane, 47.1% for 1,3-dichlorobutane, and 23.9% for 1,4-dichlorobutane. The relative reactivity of the hydrogens H1, H2, H3 , and H4 were 0.37, 1.4, 2.9, and 1.0 respectively.
The bromine is acting first like an electrophile, and then after bromine has broken the π bond, a carbocation has formed, and a bromide ion has been created, the bromide ion then acts as the nucleophile and forms a bond with the carbocation. This experiment uses bromination, the specific name of halogenation with bromine. In order to for bromination to occur bromine must first be generated. This is done in situ through the oxidation of glacid acetic acid and puridinum bromide perbromide. Once generation is accomplished the available bromine can be brominated.
General mechanism The chain component is as per the following, utilizing the chlorination of methane as an issue illustration: 1. Start: Splitting or homolysis of a chlorine particle to structure two chlorine particles, started by ultraviolet radiation or daylight. A chlorine particle has an unpaired electron and goes about as an issue radical. Methane chlorination: launch 2. Chain engendering (two steps): a hydrogen particle is pulled off from methane leaving a 1˚ methyl radical.
The electrons of the polarizable pi bond in the alkene E-stilbene acts as a nucleophile, a chemical species that donates an electron pair, and attacks one of the bromines in the dibromide molecule, which then causes the sigma bond to break as well. This results in an intermediate, which can either be an acyclic planar carbocation or
Electron donating substituents attached to the diene, accelerate the reaction as do electron withdrawing groups on the dieneophile . The Alcohol acts as the diene and the anhydride as the dieneophile. The Diels–Alder reaction is a highly stereoselective reaction. In order for the reaction to occur the diene must be in the s-cis formation .The trans, trans-2,4-Hexadiene-1-ol can adopt the cis formation by rotating around a sigma bond while still maintaining Trans stereochemistry . The position of the diene to the dieneophile in the transition state determines the
Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexanol by Hypochlorite Oxidation Introduction: The experiment was an oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone. Household bleach was used as a source of sodium hypochlorite that was 5.25 % (0.75 M) aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite; NaOCl (aq), an oxidizing agent to oxidized cyclohexanolinto cyclohexanone. Bleach solution was added to a mixture of cyclohexanol and acetic acid. The yields are known better in acidic rather than basic conditions. Therefore, acetic acid was used for this experiment.
With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
* Reagents : most commonly the base would be the alkoxide, R'O- * The reaction involves an ester enolate reacting with another molecule of the ester. * Remember enolates are good nucleophiles and the ester carbonyl C are electrophilic. * The products of these reactions are ketoesters which are important, useful synthetic intermediates. * Note that the product is the original ester with an acyl group added i.e. an acylation reaction has occurred.
Effect of Venturicidin on Oxygen Evolution Venturicidin is a powerful inhibitor of the chloroplast ATP synthase, interacting with the CFo part of the enzyme and blocking proton passage through the CFoCF1 complex. How would venturicidin affect oxygen evolution in a suspension of well-illuminated chloroplasts? Would your answer change if the experiment were done in the presence of an uncoupling reagent such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)? Explain. Answer Oxygen evolution requires continuing passage of electrons through PSII.
lder report Lab 5: Diels-Alder Reaction The laboratory procedure used was written by Dr. John Barbaro of Rocky Mountain College. The Diels-Alder reaction is a well known example of cycloaddition chemistry. It is commonly known as [4+2] Cycloaddition. The reactants in the Diels-Alder reaction are a 1,3-diene and an alkene called the dienophile. The dienophile usually contains an electron-withdrawing group that is in conjugation to the double bond, making the double bond “electron poor”, thus initiating the addition reaction.