SMB denotes the risk factor associated with firm size. HML measures value risk. From observation of regression of these five funds, the small cap funds have higher coefficient of SMB, large cap funds have negative coefficient of SMB. Small cap funds are more sensitive to SMB factor. DFA small company value fund has a coefficient of 0.84 for SMB factor; on the contrary, DFA large company value fund has a negative coefficient for SMB, which is -0.079.
* Cost of Equity: * Beta: she used the average beta of the last 5 years, which is also acceptable. However, we decide to use the Bayesian beta calculated with the firm’s present beta as a measure of the future beta assessing for future risk. * Risk-free rate: from the investor’s perspective, we conclude that a 10-year holding period would be more realistic estimate than 20-year. Therefore, we decide to use 10-year U.S. Treasury yield as our risk-free rate in this case. * Risk premium: using the geometric mean from 1926 to 1999 might be problematic, since the risk premium of recent decades is obviously lower than earlier (stated in the lecture).
Ratio | Formula | Amaon 2013 | eBay 2013 | Debt Ratio | TL/TA | | | In leverage ratio, I choose debt ratio, eBay is 24.6% while Amazon is 54.8%. In this ratio, eBay is lower than Amazon which means eBay has less debt should to pay than Amazon. EBay’s assets are financed more through equity than debt compare to Amazon, illustrated that eBay has a lower risk in operation. In addition, eBay may have more borrowing capacity and financial flexible to enlarge its business than Amazon. Let’s see some profitability ratio to have some in-depth discussion.
Household survey and national accounts data mostly ref lect basic consumption, and therefore overstate the risk aversion necessary to match the observed equity premium. The risk aversion implied by the consumption of luxury goods is more than an order of magnitude less than that implied by national accounts data. For the very rich, the equity premium is much less of a puzzle. AS DEMONSTRATED BY GROSSMAN AND SHILLER (1981), SHILLER (1982), Mehra and Prescott (1985), and the extensive literature that follows, the risk of the stock market as measured by its co-movement with aggregate consumption is insufficient to justify the extent to which its average return exceeds the return on short-term government debt. We propose a partial resolution to this equity premium puzzle by distinguishing between the consumption of basic goods and that of luxury goods.
Second it provided tax shield to be used once the principal got reduced. Getting secured and unsecured debt 5) Key risk factors? a. External Recession upcoming b. Internal Create value with project Alpha c. Internal
Also, Inditex has less operation expenses than H&M’s. All of these imply that Inditex is able to operate with high net profit margins. When the capital efficiency is considered, Inditex is less efficient in terms of capital than H&M due to some indicators. First is that working capital of H&M is higher than Inditex’s which can calculated by extracting other non-current assets from total assets and found as 2129 for H&M and 2082 for Inditex. Other indicator is ROA which can be calculated by dividing net income to total assets.
We miss essential information like the interest rate and maturity of the debt to calculate the market value of debt. From the book value of debt and the interest expenses over 2007 we estimate the cost of debt: 2,26/43,08 = 5,25 %. This is 0.7% more than the risk free rate. This seems reasonable when considering the low leverage ratio of the firm and high cash reserves of the firm, on the other side the interest coverage ratio of Tottenham of 1,24 is pretty low. We assume that the amount of debt has been constant over 2007.
Ceres is a service company and they carry fewer amounts of inventory compared to a typical manufacturing company. This is an explanation for the lower percentage increase between revenue and inventory. The percentage difference between account receivable and sale revenue is about 20%, this shows that Ceres Company has been very effective in collecting funds from debtors. Additionally, it can also be explained that debts from prior periods have also been collected. What have been the key factors in the company’s growth?
Additionally, the spread to Treasury is slightly lower for E&P than it is for the corporate level. The WACC for the E&P division is 8.23%. The Refining & Marketing division has a higher beta than E&P at 1.20, and its
Assuming 2% growth, the terminal value has a NPV of $4,843 million for 2009 and beyond. Note that without the terminal value for sales after 2009, the investment has a negative NPV of $296 million. Discount rate is calculated by; R = Rf + (Rm – Rf), so the US bonds rate (Risk-free rate, Rf) and the evaluated riskiness (), and Market riskiness (Rm) all affect the discount rates. Also note that the operating margins are computed before repayment of capital contributions from vendors or risk sharing partners (RSPs) and launch aid from the partner national governments. 2.