The electrocardiogram measures? The electrical activity of the heart. B 2. In the atria, the depolarizing phase of the action potential creates? The P-Wave.
(1 mark) Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Results: Briefly describe what happened when you electrically stimulated the vagus nerve. (2 marks) Question 2: Explain how possible mechanisms of vagal escape would differ in an isolated heart preparation such as the one used in this experiment versus a heart in a live animal/human. (3 marks) Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate Results: Provide the heart rate values recorded when the heart was bathed with Ringer’s solution of different temperatures. (2 marks) Question 3: Homeothermic animals such as humans have a thermoneutral zone (i.e., a range of external environmental temperatures) in which internal body temperature remains at a constant level while simultaneously maintaining metabolic rate (i.e., energy expenditure) constant. If the environmental temperature drops below the thermoneutral zone, humans can still keep
Controlled Variables are the stimulation voltage, temp, and freq of stimulation. Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable is the contraction force 2. Independent Variable is the frequency of stimulation. 3.
This will cause an action potential to spread down to the T- tubules and “electrical chemical signals = shocks” the sarcoplasmic reticulum into releasing calcium ions. Then the calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcoplasm. 5. Calcium is restored/ reused in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Just as concentration results from the release of calcium ions stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, contraction ends and relaxation begins as Calcium is
The amplitude (height of voltage spike) during depolarization remains constant as the action potential travels down the length of the axon. Measuring Changes in Membrane Potential Voltage changes in membrane potentials can be measured using patch clamp equipment. Patch clamp electrodes are placed at different positions along the neuron. Special lighting and microscopy is required to visualize non-stained neurons. Changes in the membrane potential can be observed by using a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye.
Controlled Variables... frequency of stimulation, temperature, stimulation voltage Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable.. contraction force 2. Independent Variable... frequency of stimulation 3. Controlled Variables.. temperature, stimulation voltage, 4. What structure was stimulated to cause a muscle contraction?
EMG then acceleromyograph may be used for neuromuscular monitoring in general anesthesia with neuromuscular-blocking drugs, in order to avoid postoperative residual curarization. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure nerve and muscle function, and may be indicated when there is pain in the limbs, weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some
Negative feedback is where various receptors and effectors cause a reaction to ensure certain conditions remain the same. It is an automatic, corrective mechanism within the body. An example of negative feedback is temperature control. If the blood temperature rises, a ‘heat gain’ centre in the brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which causes vasodilation and sweating, which will cool down the blood. If the blood temperature falls, it stimulates a ‘heat loss’ centre in the brain which sends impulse to the skin, causing vasoconstriction and the cessation of sweating.
SENSATION Sensation is defined as the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. The study of sensation is concerned with the initial contact between organisms and their physical environment. It focuses on describing the relationship between various forms of sensory stimulation (including electromagnetic, sound waves, pressure) and how these inputs are registered by our sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin). The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain; sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been interpreted. Sensation is the process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain.
This system contains two major types of neurons: sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) that carry information from the nerves to the central nervous system, and motor neurons (or efferent neurons) that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body. The Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion and breathing. This system is further divided into two branches: the sympathetic system regulates the flight-or-fight responses, while the parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical