“Common-sense functionalism” is the product of the combination of two separate theories (Functionalism and Common-sense) intending to strengthen the idea of the general shape of the theory of mind. Simply put, it is a description theory of meaning and reference. The meaning and reference of a term is given by a description of a set of properties. This new theory departs from and rejects the antiquated dualistic theory of the mind, has adopted a part of the behaviorism theory, and redirects us into another vicious circle filled with yet more open-ended questions. I will explain the basic ideas of functionalism and explain how common-sense plays a role in the theory.
Religious wisdom cannot be tested empirically, but is, rather, based upon mystic philosophies. Scientific wisdom is likewise connected to the elements of nature, but modern scientists attempt to reduce these elements into a set of mathematical postulates through mental reasoning. When comparing Mengzi’s Confucian works and Crawford’s work on manual labor, these three types of wisdom were used as a basis for evaluation. The engagement in ritual and the act of workmanship both cultivate similar, if not the same type of wisdom. Throughout Mengzi’s reasoning, he consistently refers to wisdom.
Theories in Natural science are constructed to explain, predict, and master phenomena. They must be empirically testable or lead to retro dictions that are testable. This is extensively know as the scientific method. The scientific method is one reason is that we put our confidence in scientists. To yield and to develop their theories and conclusions.
This weaker version seems to make more sense to me. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is in effect two propositions, which in a very basic form could perhaps be summed up as firstly Linguistic Determinism (language determines thought), and secondly Linguistic relativity (difference in language equals difference in thought). This topic of determinism and relativity can be applied to many areas – the study of to what extent technology influences our lives is termed the technological determinism debate. In psychology, discussion of this nature regarding the effect of environment and genetic makeup on our lives is called the nature/nurture debate. In a ‘purer’ form, there are philosophical questions of free will and determinism.
Naturalism is the philosophy which tries to apply scientific reasoning to the world. In literature it extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, non-selective representation of reality, a veritable “slice of life,” presented without moral judgment. Naturalistic writers use a version of scientific method and apply it to their writing. The study of human beings focuses on their instinct, passion and the ways in which their lives are governed by forces of heredity and environment. The "monster within", "man against nature" or "man against himself" are all conflicts that surface in a naturalistic novel.
[4] Anthropologists such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist. Both urged anthropologists to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism. Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism and Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures. The books The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, by Bronisław Malinowski, Patterns of Culture by Ruth Benedict, and Coming of Age in Samoa by Margaret Mead (two of Boas's students)
Later philosophers such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, built on the work of the ancient philosophers in natural law theory treatises of their own. They all suggested that natural laws are built into the fabric of the universe and therefore guide human reason, they are universal and therefore should apply everywhere. Natural law as a framework for criticizing and reforming positive laws, arguing that positive laws which are unjust under the principles of natural law are legally insufficient. In this report I will evaluate how natural law theory adapt under the works of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas with reference also to the work of the previous philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and Cicero. St. Augustine’s City of God The original sin plays a significant role in St. Augustine’s views on the natural law theory.
The Eyes of the Skin and The Thinking Hand by Juhani Pallasmaa are two intriguing books, which explore the human senses and how the senses’ phenomenological qualities provide an existential understanding of oneself and mankind. Pallasmaa would argue that the conscious process of exploration through one’s senses could provide this existential outlet and inlet. As opposed to Howard Risatti, in a theory of craft, Richard Sennett’s The Craftsman appears to be more in line with Pallasmaa’s idea of processing through experimenting. To begin with, Pallasmaa focuses a large portion of both texts on the exploration of the senses; in the way they interact with each other as well as the spaces they inhabit, or objects they encounter. He is opposed to the idea of the separation of the senses.
And material consists of physical property, chemic property, and biologic property. Nevertheless, psychological property is just the effect of brainstorming. Consequently, the world doesn’t depend on physical material in Knowledge Argument. In this essay, I will introduce Knowledge Argument by giving two experiments Frank Jackson come up with and analyze the following problems present for physicalism. Next, I will explain Lewis’s reply about why Knowledge Argument can’t refute physicalism.
It is used when the researcher commences with a theoretical hypothesis to test (Newman and Benz, 1998). Quantitative researchers believe that an “objective reality exists independent of human perception”(Sale, Lohfeld and Brazil, 2002, p.2). Test items like structured questionnaires that are designed using closed questions. Probability is used to choose large sample sizes (Sale, Lohfeld and Brazil, 2002). From these views it can be seen that the quantitative approach is scientific based.