Using named examples, assess the advantages and disadvantages of top down and bottom up development strategies (15 marks) Development is the ways in which a country seeks to develop economically and to improve the standards of living for its inhabitants. Numerous development strategies both top down and bottom up can be used by countries to help them progress. However, while these may be advantageous in certain areas, not all strategies are as effective everywhere and thus problems can arise with top down and bottom up development schemes. Top down strategies are generally capital-intensive and often conducted by the government. The main criticism of these schemes is the fact that the money which is supposedly meant to aid the poorest people in the country who are most in need is actually diverted to those who are richer instead.
While the invisible hand cannot guarantee efficiency, it is better at guaranteeing equity. ANSWER: F TYPE: T KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 7 RANDOM: Y [cxx]. The two broad reasons for a government to intervene in the economy are to promote efficiency and to promote equity. ANSWER: T TYPE: T KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 7 RANDOM: Y [cxxi]. Market failure refers to a situation in which the market does not allocate resources efficiently.
Some negative effects were the Africans lost their freedom and slavery. the loss of their land and a decrease in African nationalism. Some positive effects on Europeans were that they were able to make money from Africa’s resources and were able to make more money because they did not pay the africans. A negative effect for the Europeans was that European rulers lost money from their colonies. Imperialism in Africa had positive and negative things on both the Europeans and the Africans.
Development is a change and implies that change is for the better, and improvement. Was traditionally a one dimensional concept simply focussing on the economic growth of a country, however today it is multidimensional incorporating: economic, social, environmental, cultural and political progress in a country. The Human Development Index (HDI) is one method of measuring development. This is a good indicator of development as it includes lots of factors, such as life expectancy and literacy rates, and recognises the multidimensional nature of development. However, there are no environmental factors taken into account, making it difficult to measure over all development.
The reason for why governments in developing countries sometimes are unable or unwilling to implement polices that create favorable conditions for economic growth boils down to two main reasons: social issues and political issues. Political issues are just as multifaceted as the social issues. Due to corrupt governments and regimes the lawlessness spreads throughout the developing nation like wildfire. Political issues revolve around the basic needs of a nation such as simple, yet, necessary infrastructure of schools, hospitals, septic tanks, etc. The necessity of public goods is vital for a developing country to survive, maintain, and become what we consider today, a developed country.
“In 1901 J.P. Morgan’s U.S. Steel was the first billion-dollar company in the world with an authorized capitalization of $1.2 billion. The size and productivity of U.S. Steel allowed the U.S. to compete globally against countries such as Britain and Germany.” (Page 4 #2). This is an example of how J.P. Morgan used unethical practices to do the things mentioned in the quote like competing globally against other countries. Competing globally against other countries is a (Robber Baron) practice that is considered unethical or questionable. Kids in the Gilded Age were overworked, underpaid and treated poorly, which is only because of Robber Barons.
Throughout the past ten years there have been movies, documentaries, and several books published unveiling the ugly truth about America’s greedy and calculating tactics. John Perkins wrote titled Confessions of an Economic Hit Man where he informs the public about the role he an economic hit man along with others played throughout the past several decades in financially crippling foreign countries for America’s personal wealth. Additionally,
G) European colonizers were spending more money to fund their African colonies than the Europeans profited from trade with their colonies. H) “Obviously colonies cost more than they are worth in trade.” (Document 7) I) Even the period of decolonization of Africa was costly for the Europeans 12) Wars between countries and their colonies, especially Portugal and Belgium, had to be funded when the colonies rebelled 13) Not only was it financially costly, both the colonies and their colonizers lost many people due to this violence V) Conclusion J) The negative effects of imperialism prevailed because overall, both the colonizers and colonies were ultimately negatively effected 14) Colonizers exploited their colonies, forced them to adapt to their culture, and slaughtered many Africans, such as the Boar War, during
Between 1500-1800 C.E. Sub-Saharan Africa experienced changes and continuity as they began to go further with their foreign relations. Culturally, Africa began to form syncretic cults that had Christian teachings and African traditions. Slavery continued to be one of Africa's main way of showing economic wealth. Africa experienced growth and change in their political organization and the rise and fall of kingdoms and states Before the syncretic cults, Africa's old traditions and beliefs surrounded deities, idols, and multiple gods.
Imperialist actions can affect the entire world; there has been very few positive effects but large number of negative effects. Overall, Imperialism is an atrocious action a country can execute. First, Imperialism was one of the reasons World War one was started. During the early 1900’s Africa was a