| | | A) | endoplastic reticulum | | | B) | microtubules | | | C) | cytoplasm | | | D) | mitochondria | | | | | | Feedback: The cell's chemical processes take place in a semifluid material called the cytoplasm. This material provides an ideal environment for organelles because of its fluidity. | | 7 CORRECT | | This shows an example of endoplasmic reticulum. What is the significance of its structure? | | | A) | provides a location for DNA production | | | B) | helps decrease surface area | | | C) | allows selective permeability of cell membrane | | | D) | facilitates breakdown of chemical bonds | | | | | | Feedback: The pleats and folds of the endoplasmic reticulum provides a large surface area where cellular functions, such as breaking chemical bonds, can take place.
Your answer: yes;results showed they have partial identity Activity 3: Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Lab Report 1. Describe how the direct and indirect ELISA are different. Your answer: Direct ELISA is directly looking for the foreign substance. The microtiter plate is coated with homologous antibodies made against the antigen of interest If the antigen is present, a sandwich of antibody, antigen and secondary antibody will form Indirect ELISA is designed to detect antibodies that the patient has made against the antigen.The microtiter plate is coated with
in nature, the bacteria can transfer these plasmids from bacteria to bacteria, transfering those beneficial genes. this mechanism allows bacteria to adapt to new and foreign environments. the continuous resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is due to the transmission of these plasmids. Bio-Rads unique pGLO plasmid encodes the gene for GFP and a gene for resistance the antibiotic ampicillin. pGLO can also control the gene expression of this fluorecent protein.
Drugs can be delivered directly under the skin (subcutaneously). It is useful for efficient, slow, and even absorption for sustained effects on the body but drug substance can be irritating. Inhaling drugs can be a great way of administering a drug considering the rapid absorption and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism. But there is not really a good way of regulating the dose. Intrathecal drugs is a rare way of administering drug directly into the CNS but there is a higher risk for systemic toxicity.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether or not a new proton-shooting system can replace today’s method of treating cancer with harmful radiation. Proton therapy has many advantages over radiation treatments based on x-rays. Although x-ray radiation techniques will control cancer, physicians are unable to adequately conform the irradiation pattern to the cancer. Therefore the healthy tissues receive the same dose and will also be damaged. As a result, patients are given a “less the desirable dose” to reduce damage to normal cells and to avoid harmful side effects.
Some viruses, called bacteriophages, even infect bacteria. At Antimicrobial Test Labs, we have made use of the physical similarity between animal viruses and certain bacteriophages to do faster, more cost-effective virucide testing. Simply put, certain bacteriophages are great surrogates for mammalian viruses when it comes to disinfectant testing. Bacteria Bacteria are ten to 100 times larger than viruses. They are typically 1 to 3 microns in length and take the shape of a sphere or rod.
• Helper T cells precipitate the production of antibodies by B cells and also produce substances that activate other T cells. • Regulatory/Suppressor T cells suppress the response of B cells and other T cells to antigens. (d) Explain how T-cells interact with B-cells as part of the immune response in the human body include in your answer a discussion of the mechanism that allow these interactions Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they are not capable of destroying it without help. That's the job of the T cells, which are part of the system that destroys antigens that have been tagged by antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. (Some T cells are actually called "killer cells.")
Various chemotactic agents make the endothelium sticky for white blood cells, including neutrophils which recognize antigens via toll receptors and phagocytize the antigens and empty lysosome enzymes into the phagosome. They also release cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells also phagocytize the antigen, but after digestion, they present the fragments of antigen polypeptide on MHC class II molecules on the surface. The APCs move through the lymph to the lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells. Both the presented antigen and the MHC II receptor it is presented on has to be specific for the T cell which has a CD4 binding site for the
Cells are also capable of communication (hormones from endocrine gland cells & neurotransmitters from nerve cells binding to receptors) & defence (proteins – antibodies, bind to harmful substances – antigens & carry out actions to make them harmless. 2. Describe what Protoplasm is. Protoplasm is the living centre of a cell surrounded by plasma membrane. It is the entire substance of the cell.
Viruses are therefore employed as a medium to deliver the required gene with high efficiency into the target cells. Viral vectors are engineered using sophisticated methods such that the unwanted genes responsible for replication, assembling, or infection are replaced by the therapeutic gene. Current Viral vectors can further be categorized into, Non-lytic viruses, retroviruses and lentiviruses, produce virions from the cellular membrane of an infected cell, leaving the host cell relatively intact and Lytic viruses, human adenovirus and herpes simplex virus families, destroy the infected cell after replication and virion