2. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for Personality Disorders A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: 1) cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people and events) 2) affectivity (i.e.
Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that differ from societal norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or control of impulses. In general, personality disorders are diagnosed in 40–60
There are a great diversity of childhood disorder forms and causes. Some of these disorders are primarily disorders of the brain, while others are more behavioral in nature. Whatever the cause of child’s disorders or illnesses, one basic rule applies to what to do about helping them: It is best to seek professional treatment at the earliest time possible. Early treatment and intervention for children's symptoms helps reduce the impact of those symptoms on further development. Untreated symptoms can snowball and lead to the development of sometimes severe secondary problems such as social, academic and occupational difficulties, addictions, poor self-esteem, suicide attempts, self-harm (cutting or burning oneself) and the like.
But not all Autistics exhibit every symptom; each individual is unique. While one child does not speak, another could have extensive communication skills. Where one child might sing or hum, another becomes upset when they hear loud sounds. Each Autistic child must be evaluated on an individual basis and treated accordingly. Thus the term spectrum is used to describe the Autistic child.
The cognitive approach section c One assumption of the cognitive approach is that information received from our senses is processed by the brain and that this processing directs how we behave or justifies why we behave the way we do, internal mental processes such as memory, thinking, reasoning, language and problem solving are important features which influence human behaviour. Describe how the cognitive approach can explain autism/TOM The cognitive approach assumes that behavior, in this case autism, can be explained in terms of the way the mind operates. Baron-Cohen proposes that the core problem in autism is failure to develop a core cognitive skill: theory of mind skills, which everyone else develops automatically as they grow and mature. Baron-Cohen argues that having some difficulty in understanding other people’s points of view is the core feature and appears universal amongst individuals with autism. Autistic individuals have difficult in inferring a range of mental states in others such as emotions, imaginations.
The ten needs, as per Horney, are summed up in three basic categories, the need to move toward others, the need to move away from others and the need to move against others. Horney’s work showed that these neurotic needs result in hostility and a need to control other people. These individuals are often described as difficult, domineering, and unkind. A well-balanced individual uses all three categories as strategies to function within the world around them depending on the influences around them. According to Horney, it is the overuse of one or more of these interpersonal styles that create neurosis.
Speech and Language Impairments Speech and language impairments are defined as impairment in four different areas: articulation, fluency, voice or language. As defined by IDEA, a speech and language impairment “means a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” Characteristics The following are characteristics of a speech or language impairment as divided by type: Articulation: An impairment in this area leads to the child producing certain sounds incorrectly, as occurs commonly with a lisp. Fluency: An impairment in this area influences the flow of a child’s speech. This can be when the speech is “disrupted by sounds, syllables, and words that are repeated, prolonged, or avoided and where there may be silent blocks or inappropriate inhalation, exhalation, or phonation patterns.” Voice: An impairment in this area abnormally affects the pitch, resonance, or volume of a child’s speech. Language: An impairment in this area is characterized by when “the child has problems expressing needs, ideas, or information, and/or in understanding what others say”.
1.2 Identify problems that individuals with an autistic spectrum condition may havein social interaction and relantionships Communication difficulties may contribute to autistic people becoming socially anxious or depressed or prone to self-injurious behaviours. Significant percentage of people with autism are being diagnosed with co-morbid mood, anxiety and compulsive disorders which may also contribute to behavioural and functioning challenges. 1.3 Outline the problems of inflexibility and restrictveness in activitie and interests and how these may affect individuals on the autistic spectrum Individuals with autism like routine, don't like change, find it difficult to interact with others, are very focused on what interests them (sometimes to the point of obsession) they can easily become anxious and distressed. This makes them inflexible (won't let you change anything, repeat the same actions
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems. CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior. Therefore, negative - and unrealistic - thoughts can cause us distress and result in problems. When a person suffers with psychological distress, the way in which they interpret situations becomes skewed, which in turn has a negative impact on the actions they take.
The person may suffer with responses that are un appropriate in certain situations as well as the usual signs (rapid heartbeat, sweating and nervousness. Anxiety disorders include post-traumatic stress, obsessive compulsive disorder and phobias. Psychotic disorders - involve distorted awareness and thinking. People experience images and sounds that are not real. The ill people believe they are true despite being shown evidence.