Vsevlod Meyerhold and Augusto Boal are two examples of drama practitioners who were unhappy with the social conventions associated with theatre, and as a response developed new methods of actor training. The both of them wanted theatre to be accessible to all members of society, at all levels of socioeconomic status, rather than just be exclusive to the rich. They were against the ideology surrounding Stanislavski’s realism acting method and felt that audiences should be engaged with, rather than be passively entertained, and that actors should utilise mind-to-body connections. Their goal was to engage with their audiences on a greater, more complex level; however the two had differing techniques that allowed them to do so. Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed and Meyerhold’s biomechanics are both recognised as revolutionary developments within the theatrical community.
In addition, World War II introduced change through industrialisation, which was key to Russia’s success in the war. These key reforming leaders and other factors of change saw Russia grow from a very deprived country in 1856 to an industrial superpower in 1964. Alexander II became known as ‘Alexander the Great Reformer’ and ‘the Tsar Liberator’ which suggests that his work and reforms changed the nature of Russian government and society to a large extent. The emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 initially appeared to have major benefits for the serfs. As Alexander II said: “We vowed in our hearts to fulfil the mission which is entrusted to Us and to surround with Our affection and Our Imperial solicitude all Our faithful subjects of every rank and condition”2.
This is conveyed by the start of the play, where Lewis doesn’t know himself. “I’m only doing this for the money” which conveys that Lewis doesn’t care for the play and therefore cannot be satisfied with the task undertaken. “Day outside but pitch black inside” emphasises the truths that can be revealed on the inside of the theatre if Lewis lets them be revealed. “We can’t do this without the music” emphasises that Roy, who thinks he’s directing the play, doesn’t believe Lewis will be able to make the play successful without the music. The self-respect one earns can lead them to greater things if it is accepted, the light can reveal a path when truths have been found.
Summary of The Rhetorical Stance In Booth’s speech, The Rhetorical Stance (Booth, 1963) he argues that currently the teaching of rhetoric is ineffective. Due to the lack of information students are being taught about rhetoric and the way it is presented. Booth, in his speech, has this to say about what he believes rhetoric is: “Rhetoric is the art of finding and employing the most effective means of persuasion on any subject, considered independently of intellectual mastery of that subject” (Booth, 1963). Booth is merely saying that you need to answer a few simple questions in order to write a persuasive and effective paper. Do you engage your audience?
Both ‘Summer of the Seventeenth Doll’ by Ray Lawler and ‘The removalists’ by David Williamson have explored the different ways people cope when things change or go wrong. Both playwrights use the style of realism to portray themes which depict changing circumstances on the stage and show how different characters respond. Ray Lawler and David Williamson use the techniques of relevant idiom, staging, costume and symbolism, all conventions of realism, to explore the themes of stereotypes, the changing of traditions and violence. In the early 20th century Australia was searching for its national identity. Plays up until this point in time were traditional melodramatic English plays.
The Peronist movement ambitiously sought to create a democratic objective of broadening access and opportunity for adults and vocational students as well as elementary aged students. This movement would propose to use state resources to achieve its goal of an educational reform to bring Argentine identity to coexist with the Peronist national doctrine. In his attempt to modify the previous hierarchy; Peron sought to instill policies in regards to technical education through the notion of cultural hierarchy. The major changes in the
The first social revolution came about during a period of great change not only in Russia but throughout Europe. These changes developed across a wide spectrum, such as from religion to politics, from economic development and from changes in the societies of Europe as a whole. A lot of the change occurred on the back of the industrial revolution and the competition between the various powers in Europe to be the best, the strongest and the most advanced, both socially and technologically. This essay will try to give and insight into the background of the socialist revolution; what were the main triggers or causes which eventually led to the conflict, what were the main challenges which the Russian empire faced at the time. This will be explored alongside the ways in which developments in revolutionary methods were to the fore throughout Europe during this period.
In 1923, after have the publication of some of his poems rejected by the Nouvelle Revue Française editor, Jacques Rivière, Antonin corresponded to him by stating: “Dialogue—something written and spoken—does not specifically belong to the stage but to books…”Artaud believed that words wasn’t enough to express his ideas and that spoken language wasn’t the most important attribute for communication in theatre, diverging with the Western theatres beliefs that theatre depends exclusively on the language for communication. According to Artaud, “…the stage is tangible, physical place that needs to be filled and it ought to speak its own concrete language.” He thought that spoken language was significant for theatre but the stage was touchable, and physical language was essential to fill the stage and achieve the purposes of theatre. Physical language was extremely necessary to reach the senses of communication in certain ways. These senses are: hearing, touch, smell and taste. Through physical language you can easily make sounds to express a feeling, for example, you could clap your hands to show appreciation for something or someone or you could clap your hands in a much desperate way to get someone’s attention.
The Inevitability of Negative Consequences of the Industrial Revolution The perception of the industrial revolution as a key factor in changing the way of life is a fair statement. It is termed a “revolution” because the changes it produced were great and sudden. This revolution first appeared in Britain in the 1700s, fostering attitudes toward capitalism and modern industry everywhere. New traditions replaced old traditions, machinery replaced people, and people moved to urban cities from rural areas; simply, the way of life had been changed forever. The industrial revolution introduced mass production and greater markets.
It is this very statement that makes placing Artaud’s theories within contemporary practice and teaching them to a new generation so difficult. Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty was in many respects a search of a Theatre of the Impossible. Sontag (1988: lix) states that even Artaud himself was not able to create performance work that was up to the level of his own ideas, continuing to propose that ‘Artaud is only relevant