Theories of learning: behaviourist, gestalt, cognitive, humanistic LO2 Understand the impact of learning styles on learning by individuals. 2.1 Explain different factors that can influence the effectiveness of learning. Influences: motivation, environment, culture, communication, past experience 2.2 Explain concepts of learning style. Learning style: visual, aural, tactile, kinaesthetic; activist, reflector, pragmatist, theorist. 2.3 Assess own preferred learning style.
Theoretical issues are important factors for influencing sociologists’ choice of method when deciding how to research a topic. Although, there are other factors that also have to be considered such as practical and ethical issues. Positivists believe that the method should produce information that is objective as possible but also produce data is representative and reliable that can then be used in statistics for government research but is collected through questionnaires and other quantitative methods. On the other hand, Interpretivists like to look at the qualitative data that includes structured/unstructured interviews and participant observation. This means that the research is more detailed and in depth, but is also more valid.
An example of a correlation statement would be, “the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer.” In this correlation statement the money would be the lurking variable because individuals that are well employed may earn more money, enabling these people to easily save money; while individuals that do not have employment or lower paying employment would have less money to save. The statement “wealthy people are thin,” is a correlation. The reason for this is there are lurking variables such as wealthy people are able to afford better foods, enjoy better lifestyles that would include physical trainers at a gym, or they are able to afford medical procedures such as liposuction that would enable them to be thinner. The statement “people with longer hair do better on audio memory tests” would be a correlation; however, the relationship between variables is very weak. The statement “ice cream melts when heated” is causation.
Students undergoing intellectual and adaptive assessments often display specific characteristics that lead to the suspicion that they may qualify for special education services. A few characteristics of a student that has an ID is that the student has a lower IQ then most individuals of the same age group, causing them to have difficulties learning content at the same rate as peers, difficulties with oral expression, listening comprehension, at risk in the areas of social/emotional/adaptive, and is not responding to interventions being put in place by the general education teacher. Intellectual functioning of an individual refers to
Definition In practical terms symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective that argues that humans communicate through a world of complex symbols and engage in intricate interpretative work that actually creates the social world. It recognizes that individuals are not passive in making meaning and establishing social order and therefore offers a non-traditional angle on social reality. Researchers can therefore use symbolic interactionism to not only explore how we go about creating our selves, but also how we go about shaping society (O’Leary, 2007). The aim of symbolic interactionism is to discover the meanings of the individuals involved in a given social situation. This leads to the adoption of methods of research which yield qualitative rather than quantitative information (eds.
Children with a lack of cultural capital are more likely to use the restricted code (limited vocabulary) which disadvantages them at school as they feel excluded and are therefore less successful. Working-class children typically use the restricted code. Bourdieu argues that cultural capital affects academic achievement as it ties in with educational capital. Middle-class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands of the school curriculum.
Assumptions about groups even though they are considered to be positive are just as damaging as making a negative stereotype. Perpetuating positive stereotypes is unacceptable because they put pressure on those targeted, can make them cocky, and categorizes those that are being stereotyped. Positive stereotypes can put those targeted under unnecessary pressure. It is usually generalized that Asians excel in school, but mostly math. However, if an Asian student is not so good in math, he could be pressured by society and his family to try to fulfill the stereotype.
Blumer continued this and came up with the three main principles to actions. Actions are based on meanings we give to situations, meanings come from interactions and meanings are given as a result from interactions. Blumer argues individuals are 'puppets' so therefore their actions respond to the system's needs. Due to this, he argues actions are partly predictable because we internalise expectations of others, however it is not fixed. Goffman's labelling theory builds on Mead and Blumer.
Differential association According to Askers social learning theory, the important point of social learning is differential association. This refers to how often a person interacts with others who either encourage or discourage violating the law. In the process of differential, social learning comes first. A person will interact and identify with the people and groups that will provide models for social reinforcement and behaviour. Definitions Definitions reflect the meanings that a person attaches to a person’s behaviour.
The importance of cultural explanation in explaining differences in social class and achievement. Many Sociologists have argued over the course that cultural factors are the explanation of why students do or do not achieve high in education. One side argues that cultural deprivation is the cause of this whilst the other material deprivation argues a different case and some other argue that it is neither both but factors inside school itself. Cultural deprivation means factors such as values, attitudes, languages. So, If a child is in a social group deprived of these factors he could underachieve.