However, the argument that carries the greatest weight is that the individuals who led these revolts and were at the forefront of the revolutionary movements were not united themselves in how they wanted Italy to unite. Austria clearly had a central role in putting down many of the revolts and so played an important role in both the failure of the 1820-21 revolutions and the ones that took place between 1848-49. Prior to 1820, Italy was unsettled and highly divided with nationalists, liberals and extremists amongst the masses. As the hostility in Italy increased under Austrian rule, secret societies emerged such as ‘The Carbonari’ – which was particularly popular in Southern Italy. By 1815, the aims of these secret societies changed in the direction of driving out the Austrians and restoring old Monarchs.
How far do you agree that the limited appeal of Mazzini’s ideas was the main reason for the slow progress of national unity in Italy in the years 1815 – 48? National unity is when a nation comes together through sharing the same physical and religious beliefs. During 1815 and 1848 man revolutions took place in Italy, specifically in The Papal states, Piedmont, Sicily, Modena and Parma. The revolutionaries varied from students to soldiers who were all fighting against the Monarchy. The monarchy treated its states people terribly and they were fed up, this is how the revolutionaries came to be, in general the revolutionaries were to an extent successful because they overthrew the monarchies however they were then beaten by the Austrian reinforcements that the monarchy asked help from.
In addition Napoleon with great diplomatic skills made sure that Venitia would be ceded to France even if Austria won and then passed on to Italy. Moving on a war broke out between France and Prussia in 1870, as a result Napoleon III wanted to bring his army up to strength and so withdrew his troops from Rome. Victor Emmanuel suggested an agreement to pope which was rejected and an army of 6000 troops was sent to occupy Rome. Moreover Napoleon III had many motives that influenced his actions in Italy. The fact that he belonged in the Carbonaris in his youth believed it was his destiny to do something for Italy.
The nature of fascism itself was very aggressive and linked to the rise of dictatorships also increased the idea of revenge and violence. Germany and Italy also dealt with the economic crisis in 1929 in an aggressive way. And the fact that the League of Nations should ensure peace in the world and it was weak and failed facing Germany and Italy aggression let both countries became even more powerful and aggressive. One of the reasons for the German and Italian aggressive foreign policy was The Paris Peace Settlement, which was created to punish Germany. Nobody was happy with it and Italy and Germany wanted revenge.
By that time the political situation was chaotic, after the Paris conference very little beneficial resolutions were made for Italy. The next five governments were ineffective and couldn’t solve economic problems which were making peoples life poorer. The promise made people start supporting him, and his ideals of anti-communism and trade union power helped him because by that time there were a lot of strikes from this people and they had a lot of opponents. The church, big businesses, middle classes, and army were some of the strongest sectors of the society that supported him. He was seen as an applicator of law and order, which was a very important issue in that moment where strikes and social and politic conflict occurred.
Mary Shelley’s gothic promethean novel, Frankenstein (1818), was released during the industrial revolution as romanticism was thriving, while Ridley Scott’s futuristic sci-fi Blade runner (1992) grew with the dawning of a capitalistic increasingly globalised and technologically driven society. The comparative study of these texts encompasses themes of humanity and playing God through a tone of moral warning and allows the responder to explore how similar content in different contexts will reflect changing, but also constant values. Through the use of filmic techniques, Scott demonstrates how nature and religion are absent in a world overrun by consumerism and technology. Due to her context, Shelley alternatively uses imagery and allusions to hint at the consequences humanity will suffer if they try to better God through the misuse of science and the corruption of nature. Both of these texts reflect the distinctive contexts in which they were written; although separated by over 100 years of history, they still present similar issues and dilemmas which affected the form and features of the individual texts.
Northern European artists produced art through tapestries, manuscripts, and furniture. This type of art was needed because the wealthy had many homes and they needed decorations and furniture for their homes. Italian and Northern European Renaissance generated Literature related to humanity and individuals. The Italians studied the knowledge of how man determined how to be a respectable individual. Northern European Literature focused more on the Catholic Church and how to reform the Church’s humanity.
Blade Runner and Frankenstein Finished First Draft. Different authors throughout time shape their ideas while reflecting the world and society they live in. Comparing different texts relaying these idea enhances our understanding. The gothic tale of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is influenced by the rapid industrial growth of the early 18th century while Ridley Scotts Tech-Noir Blade Runner is effected by the growth of major companies and consumerism in the 1980s. Shelley and Ridley are two authors who challenged the idea of what it means to be human, making the audience reflect on their own personal understandings of the question.
The fact that Austria had influenced Italy so much before the revolutions contributed hugely to the failure of the revoltutions. After the Vienna conference in 1815 Austria was granted a lot of power in Italy, this gave them an incentive to stop the revolutions as their authority would be threatened and they would lose out on a lot of things like trade. Mettinich, the chancellor of Italy said that ‘Italian affairs do not exist’ which shows his determination to stopping Italian nationalists. An example of Austrians intervention was in Naples where after being asked for help from Ferdinand I, Mettinich sent Austrian troops in to restore order. Similarly, in Piedmont in 1821, where Charles Felix declared Charles Albert (the temporary monarch of Piedmont) a rebel and so exiled him to Tuscany and then appealed to Mettinich for help.
When Paris fell to the Nazi regime on June 14, 1940, the world lost more than just an important source of music, literature, and art. With the coup d’état of the global authority in fashion, the world was missing a source of inspiration for the next movement in fashion, but Stanley H. Marcus saw this as less of a loss of inspiration and more of a new opportunity for American fashion. As vice president of Neiman Marcus, Stanley Marcus used his own authority in fashion to push his view towards the American public through his article in Fortune magazine, “America is in Fashion.”1 The careful selection of words and images in Marcus’s article, along with the relationship between them, show how Marcus aimed to empower American designers and American