Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: From Miller to Bandura and Beyond The Social-Cognitive learning theory is based off a collaboration of many psychologists work and ideas, it is based on the concepts that we learn (and gain our personalities) by watching how others react to their environment. The original concept originated from psychologists N.E Miller and J. Dollard in the early 1940’s. In the mid 1950’s American psychologist Julian Rotter drifted from the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and wrote on social learning theories. In the 1960’s a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura, expanded on theories and became the leading architect of social cognitive theory (Santrock, 2011, p. 27). In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others.
Belonging is dynamic, process driven and complex. Using the concepts of journeys and change, create an argument which synthesises the three concepts mentioned above. 3. Family traditions counter alienation and confusion. They help define who we are; they provide something steady, reliable and safe in a confusing world.
Foundations of Psychology Paper PSY/300 Psychology is made up of numerous schools of thought, structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary. All of these schools of thought have different assumptions which sometimes offer contradicting facts and sometimes offer facts which compliment each other (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). In this paper the six schools of thought found within psychology and their major assumptions will be discussed, along with the primary biological foundations of psychology which are linked to behavior. The first school of thought in psychology is structuralism. Structuralism was developed by a man named Edward Titchener who was a student of Wilhem Wundt.
Foundations of Psychology PSY/ 300 9/15/2014 In today’s society, there are many foundations of psychology. The major schools of psychology are Functionalism, structuralism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic, and cognitive Psychology. In this paper, I will examine the many different factors that help play crucial roles in the lives of human beings through culture and biology. The first known school of thought in psychology is structuralism. According to our text, psychology sixth addition Titchener (1867-1927) describes structuralism as an attempt to use introspection as a method for uncovering the basin elements of consciousness and the way they combine with each other into ideas (Kawaiski
According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions are motivated in order achieve certain needs. Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid.
The fourth represents “esteem” or confidence, self-esteem, accomplishment, respect for self and others. The fifth, again the psychological, represents the highest need, but only can be achieved after the others (deficiently needs) are met. The fifth is called self-actualization, and consist of morality,
Compare and contrast the work of Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment. Within attachment theory, attachment is an affectional bond or tie between an individual and an attachment figure. The theory of attachment was first introduced into psychology by the eminent psychologist John Bowlby in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Both Harlow and Ainsworth’s research was a direct result of previous attachment studies by Bowlby. His findings into attachment radically challenged the prevalent behaviourist theory of Watson of learned infant attachment in response to constant stimuli and the psychoanalytical theory of Freud that attachment was based on biological needs or ‘cupboard love’ theories as unreliable.
The fourth level is self-esteem needs. This need included achievement, status, responsibility, and respecting yourself and others. We use communication with self-esteem needs by complimenting each other and recognizing someone for their achievements. The fifth level is self-actualization needs. Self-actualization is the most abstract need.
Family, friends, relationships, community groups, and even religious groups could implement these needs. The fourth level is called Esteem needs. After the first three needs have been fulfilled, esteem needs becomes more and more important. These include the need for things that point toward self-esteem, personal worth, social respect, and achievement. Finally we have the
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow projected a general overview of human motivation. His theory strikes a distinctive sense of balance between biological and social needs that integrates many motivational concepts. According to Maslow individual needs are set in a hierarchy, and everyone must satisfy their basic needs before they can satisfy their higher needs. The hierarchy is portrayed as a pyramid beginning with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top. The 'Hierarchy of Needs' theory has four different levels before one can come to full self-actualizing.