4 marks 3 studies – HM, KF and Clive W MARK SCHEME – KF – impaired stm, unaffected ltm One study which demonstrates that LTM AND STM are different is the study of HM. HM suffered from brain damage due to an operation he underwent to remove the hippocampus from both sides of his brain this was to reduce the severe epilepsy he suffered from. HM’s personality and intellect remained intact but he could now no longer form new long term memories although he could remember things from before his surgery. This could suggest to us that the hippocampus acts as a ‘gateway’ though which new memories must pass before entering permanent
For example: the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side. I recently watched a video of Michael Gazzaniga, a professor of psychology, conducting split-brain research on one of his patients (Joe) who suffered from severe epilepsy. He decided to divide the corpus callosum in order to stop the electrical impulses between the two brain hemispheres in the hope of controlling Joe’s seizures. After the intervention, both brain hemispheres continued to function even though they were unable to communicate with each other as before, and the epilepsy was effectively controlled. I was surprised to learn that Joe commented that he didn’t notice any significant changes in his behavior or brain function.
The study tested the recall of candidates directly after exposure to a list of words and compared the results with the candidates given a delay and/or distraction between exposure and recall. Milner (1966) also supported the model, he verified the clear distinction between the LTM and STM shown in the multi-store model with his report into a patient whose memory was affected after having brain surgery. The patient was unable to make any new long-term memories, but was able to recall memories from his LTM store that had been developed before the surgery, therefore concluding that the two are separate
The sensory stores are always receiving information but not all of this information receives attention and remains in the sensory store unprocessed for only a short period of time, therefore it is often not noticed. If a person’s attention is focused on any one of the sensory memory stores the memory is then transferred to the Short-term Memory store. The Multi-store model shows that Attention is the first step to remembering something. In the sensory store if attention is focused towards a sensory memory it is forgotten. After a memory is transferred to the short-term memory store it is in a ‘fragile’ state.
Critical Point 3: There is a flaw with one of the key pieces of evidence to support the dopamine hypothesis. The drugs used to treat schizophrenia by blocking the dopamine receptors can actually increases it as neurons struggle to compensate for the sudden deficiency. Haracz, in a review of post-mortem studies of schizophrenics, found that most of those studied who showed elevated dopamine levels had received antipsychotic drugs shortly before death, unlike post-mortem of schizophrenics who hadn’t received medication these results showed that these individuals had normal levels of dopamine. Therefore, this evidence weakens the support for the dopamine
Rolling in Ecstasy: MDMA Use in the United States Many people may find it difficult to believe that a drug claimed to be able to kill within one usage actually is beneficial and safe for treating a wide variety of medical diseases. This is especially the case for the infamous and reportedly deadly “club drug,” MDMA or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. MDMA was first synthesized by Merck Pharmaceuticals in 1912 as a potential headache medication, but after finding no connection they deemed further studies unnecessary. This caused the drug to essentially vanish until 1977, when a chemist by the name of Charles Shulgin took a second look at MDMA and discovered that Merck may have been very wrong. Dr. Shulgin found the drug to be therapeutic and christened it “window” as he felt it
It was not until the Vietnam War that the medical field began to recognize PTSD as a disorder. However, early research on the impact of stress to the human body started with Freud. Wilson, Friedman, and Lindy state that in Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), he worked diligently to differentiate between traumatic neuroses and its relationship to ego defense, anxiety, the concept of the stimulus barrier, and threat anticipation (Wilson, Friedman, and Lindy, p.4, 2004). PTSD starts by first affecting the brain. The neurotransmitters Cortisol and Adrenaline are released when a person is in a situation that requires the fight, flight, or freeze response (Seahorn and Seahorn, p.87, 2008).
Conversely, not all parts of the brain do the same thing. One of the ways through which this can be shown is through a case study done on stroke victims by Carl Wernicke. Wernicke believed that any abnormalities could be traced to a specific part in the brain and could therefore then determine the functions of these regions more precisely. So in 1873 Wernicke studied a patient who had suffered a stroke. The patient was able to speak coherently and his hearing was fine, however, the patient was unable to understand anything that was said to him.
However, less scientific evidence of this can be taken back to a much earlier period when psychosurgery was performed by Neolithic cultures by boring holes in a skull by a process called trepanning. These actions were most likely carried out to “liberate” demons and bad spirits which ancient doctors believed were responsible for madness and brain disease. Seen again in medieval times performed by quack doctors to cure brain damage or madness. Other studies to follow backed up the “Localization” theory in the form of brain tissue stimulation, brain damage case studies, or pure experimentation, which subsequently resulted in the mapping of the brain itself. On September 13th, 1848 a man named Phineas Gage was working as a foreman blasting rock to lay bed for a rail line.
All the questions will be answered; the memory process has three stages that include encoding, storage and retrieval of information, forgetting can be the reason you cannot remember something or damage to the brain, the human memory model consists of the sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory, and there are multiple actions you can personally take to improve your memory such as eating the proper diet, exercise and getting quality sleep. Cognitive Memory and Language – The Memory Process Introduction Have you ever wondered why someone can do so well at taking tests and others cannot? The answer is in understanding how memory works by tracing the memory system from the stimuli to long-term memory. Memory processing consists of three stages which are encoding the initial process of recording and identifying information, storage is not an active process; it is the state of the information once it has been successfully committed to memory which can be stored in more than one place and retrieval the process of bringing up stored memories to a conscious level (Board, 2011, 121-122). Identification and Description of Each Step in the Human Memory Model.