These ideas were then challenged in the 1990’s with third wave feminism and postfeminism, both of which are concerned with the mass media’s influence on our understanding of gender. The sex of a human is biologically determined, but our ideas of typical femininity and masculinity are socially and culturally informed and perceived through the mass media. Second wave feminist perspectives are all concerned with the problems of patriarchy and hold many different anti-patriarchal views. Radical feminism, a second wave perspective, focused its criticisms on the issue of pornography. Andrea Dworkin, a radical feminist, claimed that pornography had a direct
I think Chaucer was trying to voice his opinion about feministic ways through a female speaker, hence Alisoun (the Wife), though contradicted his ideas in both the Prologue and Tale. In my opinion this lead to both feminist and anti-feminist thing about the text. Some essayist also address the anti-feminist views present in” The Canterbury Tales” and that maybe Chaucer’s use of the character Alisoun was meant to overthrow these views or possibly reinforce them (Trudeau). Chaucer begins the Prologue with Alisoun, the Wife of Bath, described as bawdy, lusty, strong-willed and one of the most fully developmentally discussed women in medieval literature (Trudeau). Viewed as an early precursor of feminist thought, some scholars argue that the majority of her Prologue can be seem as anti-feminist rhetoric (Trudeau).
Theory Summary Essay In this theory Gayle coveys how sex is used to display dominance and power. She breaks down today’s view on sexuality and the stereotypical and hypocritical categories placed on gender. She focuses on homosexuals, pedophiles, children, women, transvestites and more. She argues that sex shapes society’s social norms, in other words society no longer uses sex as only for reproduction. She references western culture in this argument to suggest our humanity is built solely upon the idea of sex as a natural force that is the basis of social structure.
The ‘60s was a time of societal change on many fronts, from the feminist movement, to gay and civil rights issues. Sex was also lumped somewhere in there, during that time premarital sex wasn’t accepted the way it is today. The arrival of the pill played a tremendous role in granting women sexual liberation. Now women could choose to have sex without being married. By freeing themselves of traditional social roles, women were told to unleash their inner felines and put their bodies on full display.
Title: A discursive analysis of singleness: The personal deficit and richness of single identity against the might of powerful and dominant repertories available in the public domain Abstract: The establishment of marriage and long-term partnership have contributed to the isolation and discrimination of singleness. The long struggle of the feminist movement with the likes of Reynolds and Wetherell had carved a space for singleness as a distinct social category rather than the commonly held dysfunctional identity found the public domain (Reynolds and Wetherell, 2003). This study is hopes to further the research understanding of singleness by identifying the dysfunctional as well seeking for patterns of functionality of singleness. The project analyses the conversation of single women and their struggle to forge there single identity within the dominant deficit repertories and establishments. The methodological design is a qualitative approach using a critical psychological perspective.
One must assume the feminine role deliberately. Which means already to convert a form of subordination into an affirmation, and thus to begin to thwart it. Whereas a direct feminine challenge to this condition means demanding to speak as a (masculine)”subject,” that is, it means to postulate a relation to the intelligible that would maintain sexual difference” (Rivken & Ryan p 795). So Irigaray warns women that directly, openly issuing verbal challenges to the system draws attention to the victimized feminine in a bold but ultimately ineffective attempt to overtake a masculine-oriented arena. Instead of moving toward the dissolution of gender boundaries, that type of move reinforces the perception of difference between the genders by drawing attention to “the plight of the woman”.
Traditionally, in a discipline with emphasized focus on states and inter-state relations, sexual politics and gender relations were deemed irrelevant and insignificant, assuming the study of international relations to be gender-blind. However since the 1980’s, feminist perspectives on world affairs gradually started to find a louder voice which demanded IR scholars to start listening (Heywood, 2011). Feminism’s growing prominence resulted in the increasing acceptance that our understanding of the world was shaped by the social and historical context of our lives. Implied is the notion that fully understanding international relations would require a gender perspective. In this case, feminism’s gender perspective was concerned with ensuring women’s contribution to the largely male-dominated discipline of international relations would no longer be ignored.
However, the idea that a human females ovulatory cycle is completely hidden is also highly debated. There are several theories about the subject that puts concealed ovulation in perspective, however, there is no set theory and it is entirely possible that multiple theories may have been applicable. One theory, which is highly supported, is the parental investment
Relying on the academic basis of Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, I will display the contractedness of the categories of sex and gender, deconstructing its binary basis created by the dominant patriarchal discourse and demonstrating that these notions are culturally and discursively manipulated and constructed by the phallogocentric discourse, instead. I will also argue that Russ overturns and even transgresses the patriarchal heterosexual system that categorizes the sexual identity into the binary opposition of active male/passive female by making her female characters celebrate the fluidity and plurality of their gender and sexual identities. The Female Man’s heroine is a performer of gender, who interrogates the constructed nature the categories of sex and gender. This novel ventures into “complicitous critique,” to use Linda Hutcheon’s own words, of gender representations, contradictorily deconstructing the patriarchal biased system of binarism and
The cognitive approach to stereotyping suggests that stereotypes are inevitable processes that we have no control over. Macrae et al (2002) provided evidence that suggested and very much supported the cognitive theory of stereotyping. The research showed that during ovulation women are much more attracted to facial symmetry and masculinity. The results also demonstrated that during “high conception risk” women are much quicker at categorising male faces than they are female faces. This would therefore seem to suggest that the categorisation process is highly influential dependent of hormone levels.