‘Urban areas have a significant impact on climatic characteristics’ Discuss the statement [40] An urban area is a region surround a city; they include the surrounding areas as well as the city itself. High population density and vast human features in comparison to the surrounding areas are characteristics of urban areas. Other characteristics include transport links and high rise buildings for dwelling and working. Due to the vast number of urban areas, the activities of these areas will obviously have some effect on the climatic characteristics, but I will attempt to answer how significant the effects are and if there are any other contributing factors. Urban heat island climates usually occur in more built up urban areas.
For example, building infrastructures, managing waste disposal, the use of natural resources and energy consumption cost a substantial amount of money. The destruction of landuses on the edge of city is also resulted from outer urban growth. Isolation of people and their increasing dependence on motor vehicle as well as pollution of environment also attribute to urban growth. In order to manage urban growth, different groups, individuals as well as government take responsibilities and actions. Urban consolidation is one of the most effective management, which promotes an increase in medium density and high density housing in suburbs that already contain infrastructures.
The Valley is particularly vulnerable to air pollution formation because of its topography, climate, and growing population. Surrounding mountains trap just about anything near the Valley floor where people live and breathe. The Valleys increasing population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with Los Angeles and Houston in most measures of air pollution. In addition, the Valley’s hot, summer temperatures, transform car exhaust, manure gases and other emissions into a smoggy
Thermal runaway reaction occurs when the heat generated by a reaction goes beyond the heat removal caused by the available cooling capacity. Heat is accumulated leading to a gradual rise in the temperature of the reaction mass; this causes an increase to the rate of reaction and increases the speed of rate of heat generation. [1] Why are thermal runaway reactions dangerous on industrial scale? Thermal runaway reactions are always said to be dangerous on an industrial scale since the reactions go faster in an industry where they tend to reach higher temperatures. As you would already know that exothermic reactions tend to release quite a large amount of heat, so when the reaction mixture gets very warm, a very hot exothermic reaction begins.
Many urban surfaces such as buildings with large windows have a high reflective capacity; many multi-storey buildings tend to concentrate the heating effect in the surrounding streets by reflecting the heat energy downwards. In urban areas a large amount of the heat comes from the industries and factories which burn fuels and release hot air into the
Also air conditioners exchange heat with atmospheric air, causing further local heating. Additionally, concrete, needed for the expansion of cities, absorb huge amounts of heat, increasing the mean surface temperatures of urban areas. Tall buildings, and often, accompanying narrow streets, hinder the circulation of air, reduce the wind speed, and thus reduce any natural cooling effects.
The urban consolidation of inner city areas in Sydney such as Pyrmont has played a large role in the areas development of culture and future trends including the increase of high-rise residential buildings due to the increased population density. Both urban dynamics urban sprawl and urban consolidation have made a major impact on areas of Sydney’s development, future trends, ecological sustainability and in particular, the growth and population growth of the city. A major factor of urban sprawl of which impacts areas on the fringe of city of Sydney such as Liverpool and Leppington is the increased population and the expansion of the boundaries of the city. As the city expands, more affordable and larger housing become available within the outskirts. This attracts more residents triggering the increase of Sydney’s population.
When a city suffers an industrial decline, there is often a rise in unemployment, and there will also be a lot of derelict and unused land left behind. This has been the case in many northern cities, such as Manchester. This could be compared to how Manchester has 25% of very high household deprivation, and only 5% of very low levels of household deprivation, because Manchester also suffered industrial decline. This therefore shows that cities
In Indiana the university of Indiana have been researching the climate changes and they have found that all this climates will have an impact in our state. Purdue Climate Change Researchers have been researching greenhouse gas concentrations and they have found that due to these changes Indiana could have these effects the occurrence of extreme hot events is likely to increase in Indiana, while the occurrence of extreme cold events is likely to decrease. The occurrence of conditions that spawn severe thunderstorms is likely to increase in Indiana. Annual average precipitation is likely to increase in the region, as is the occurrence of rain during the winter and early spring, resulting in higher stream flow and an increased likelihood of flooding. An increase in the frequency and intensity of summer storms is likely to increase the frequency of flooding events and exacerbate summer soil moisture deficits in
Changes in temperate and the melting of permafrost can have significant impacts on the availabity of water. Urbanisation increases the amount of impermeable surfaces, which in turn reduces the amount of infiltration and percolation. The high drainage density associated with the network of drains, gutters, sewers and flood relief channels, quickly carries water into river channels, therefore increasing channel storage. Moreover, water quality is affected by urbanisation. Overland flow in urban areas picks up suspended solid particulate matter and dissolved chemicals,